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Ther 201 LE 3 > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

study of adverse effects of chemical, physical and biological agents

A

toxicology

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2
Q

ability of the substance to cause injury

A

toxicity

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3
Q

agent that is capable of producing deleterious effects in a biological system, seriously injuring function or producing death

A

poison

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4
Q

“ward” version of poison

A

toxicant

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5
Q

naturally occurring (plant/animal derived, endogenous to the organism)

A

toxins

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6
Q

synthetically manufactured poisons

A

xenobiotics

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7
Q

clinical state; overdose of drugs, medicaments, chemicals and biological substances

A

poisoning

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8
Q

mechanisms of actions of chemicals in their toxic states

A

toxicodynamics

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9
Q

adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion characteristics of substances in their toxic states

A

toxicokinetics

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10
Q

involves toxicity testing of
chemicals, providing information for safety evaluation,
regulatory requirements (for example: chemical profile,
activity, how substances behave in different media)

A

descriptive toxicology

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11
Q

concerns with identifying and
understanding mechanisms of action by which chemicals
exert toxic effects on living organisms, guide us on
treatment

A

Mechanistic Toxicology

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12
Q

involves in decisions,
guidelines, and policies, on the basis of data provided by
descriptive and mechanistic toxicology, whether a
chemical poses a sufficiently low risk to be marketed for
a stated purpose (for example: tolerability, special
licenses to prescribe)

A

regulatory toxicology

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13
Q

concerns with diseases caused by

or uniquely associated with toxic substances

A

Clinical Toxicology

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14
Q

Clinical Toxicology plus Forensic
Pathology – concerns primarily with the medicolegal
aspects of the harmful effects of chemicals on humans
and animals. Does not only deal with toxicological cases
where the patient is already dead. (for example: collect
specimen and date for evidence)

A

Forensic Toxicology

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15
Q

focuses on the impacts of
chemical pollutants in the environment on biological
organisms

A

Environmental toxicology

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16
Q

study of the adverse effects
of agents that may be encountered by workers during the
course of their employment

A

Occupational Toxicology

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17
Q

Factors affecting Responses to Toxic Agents

A

Agent
Envrionment
Individual Factors

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18
Q

potential that injury will occur in a given situation

A

Risk

19
Q

intrinsic characteristic to cause harm to a

biological material

A

Toxicity

20
Q

amount of chemical that is available for

absorption.

A

Exposure

21
Q

explain R=TE

A

since toxicity of the substance is innate and constant, increase in exposure will cause increase in risk

22
Q

examples of Factors under “AGENT”

A

Chemical and Physical Properties of Substances

  1. physical state
  2. solubility
  3. vapor pressure
  4. vapor density
  5. reactivity
23
Q

Physical State of substance: indications

A

liquid and gas are more easily absorbed in systemic circulation; more toxic

24
Q

Solubility of substance: indications

A

Lipophilic material & unionized
substances (easily absorbed)
»> more dangerous

25
Q

Vapor pressure: indication

A

> =1 mmHg, rapid volitzation, can travel faster, more reach

26
Q

Vapor density: indication

A

> 1 - heavier than air - toxic substance will sink

27
Q

Reactivity: indications

A

Converted to a more toxic
metabolite/compound

Charged particles and reactive
oxygen species are more
deleterious.

28
Q

Talks about the Exposure Situation

A

Environment

29
Q

Factors under “ENVIRONMENT”

A

Duration
Frequency
Route
dosage

30
Q

Types/variations of duration

A

Acute Exposure
Subacute Exposure
Subchronic Exposure
Chronic Exposure

31
Q

exposure of substances with inhalational route

A

acute

32
Q

exposure of substances with oral route (usually)

A

subacute

33
Q

exposure which can result in cancer and transgenerational effects (i.e. endocrine)

A

chronic

34
Q

frequency of exposure is critical to ____

A

concentration levels of the substance in

biological fluids at target sites

35
Q

Order of effectiveness toxicity of different routes

A

Parenteral (Bioavailability= 100) > Inhalational >
Intraperitoneal > Intramuscular > Subcutaneous > Intradermal
> Oral and Dermal

36
Q

most critical factor in determining whether the intrinsic

potential of a substance will be expressed

A

Dosage

37
Q

example of agents which may trigger

transformation with one single exposure

A

Carcinogens, genotoxic agents

38
Q

examples of drugs which may not establish a dose-response relationship

A

Endocrine disruptors

39
Q

only a small amount (1 pg) of _____ can cause cancer

A

dioxin

40
Q

Examples of Individual Factors

A 
Age
sex
genetic background
nutritional status
general health status
41
Q

paracetamol overdose leads to

A

liver problems

42
Q

isoniazid overdose leads to

A

inhibition of GABA synthesis -> seizures and B6 deficiency

43
Q

T/F The toxic action of a drug is an exaggeration of its therapeutic action

A

F; not necessarily;
Some chemicals do not just exaggerate their actions
in toxic states, they completely change their behavior

44
Q

example of a toxicant which may exert several mechanisms of toxic
actions

A

lead

  • > breaks down sulfhydryl molecules of myelin sheaths -> neuropathy
  • > interferes with hemoglobin production by enzyme inhibition

Ther 201 LE 3 (9 decks)

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