Pharmacologic Basis of Vaccination/Immunology

Question 1

It is the resistance developed in response to stimulus by an antigen, characterized by the production of antibodies BY THE HOST

Answer 1

Active Immunity

Question 2

Conferred by an antibody produced by ANOTHER host

Answer 2

Passive Immunity

Question 3

Stimulate proliferation of T and B cells, resulting in formation of effector and memory cells. Relatively permanent due to memory cells

Answer 3

Active Immunization

Question 4

How to acquire Active Immunization

Answer 4

Natural Infection
Vaccines
Toxoids

Question 5

Protection transferred from another person or animal with temporary effects

Answer 5

Passive Immunization

Question 6

How to acquire Passive Immunization

Answer 6

Natural Maternal Antibodies
Antitoxins
Immunoglobulins

Question 7

T/F Antibody transfer triggers the immune system

Answer 7

(may trigger)
Risks: IgE specific for passive antibody -> mast cell degranulation
IgM/IgG specifc for passive antibody -> hypersensitivity

Question 8

Why use passive immunization

Answer 8

1. unable to form antibodies
2. prevention of disease when time does not permit active immunization
3. treatment normally prevented by immunization (tetanus)
4. impractical or unavailable active immunization (snake bite)

Question 9

condition wherein one cannot form antibodies

Answer 9

(congenital agammablobulinemia)

Question 10

Types of Immunizing Agents

Answer 10

Immunoglobulins
Antiserum/Antitoxin
Vaccines

Question 11

Types of Ig available for passive immunization

Answer 11

Human normal Ig

Human specific Ig

Question 12

T/F Vaccines must be pathogenic and antigenic

Answer 12

T

Question 13

Disease with Human normal Ig

Answer 13

Hepa A
Measles
Rabies
Tetanus
Mumps

Question 14

Disease with Human Specific Ig

Answer 14

Hepa B
Varicella
Diphtheria

Question 15

Disease with non-human Ig (antisera)

Answer 15

Diphtheria
Tetanus
Gas gangrene
Botulism
Rabies

Question 16

Principles underlying vaccination

Answer 16

Self v nonself
Antigen specificity
Indicated by effector cells presence
PRotecion from infectious diseases

Question 17

Majority of the population is immune (vaccinated), low chance of a susceptible individual contacting infected individual, can lead to the disappesrance of disease

Answer 17

Herd Immunity

Question 18

Factors affecting herd immunity

Answer 18

Environment (crowded, seasonal variations)
Strength of immune system
Infectiousness of disease

Question 19

example of a vaccine with short incubation period

Answer 19

influenza

Question 20

example of a vaccine with long incubation period

Answer 20

Poliovirus

Question 21

classification of vaccines

Answer 21

prophylactic - prevent future infection

therapeutic - against cancer

Question 22

types of vaccine

Answer 22

whole organism
pruified macromolecules
experimental
valence
heterotrophic

Question 23

types of whole-organism vaccines

Answer 23

attenuated

live-attenuated

Question 24

What is attenuation?

Answer 24

reduce in force, value, amount or degree - to weaken the pathogenic form; achieved by growth under abnormal culture conditions

Question 25

Live attenuated vaccine is contraindicated in

Answer 25

immunosuppresed persons due to:

• leukemia and lymphoma
• other malignancies
• receiving corticosteroids and anti-metabolic agegnts
• radiation
• pregnancy

Question 26

advantage of live vaccines

Answer 26

capacity for transient growth, single immunization, prolonged immune system exposure

Question 27

Live Vaccines with multiple immunization

Answer 27

Sabin Polio vaccine;

need for boosters

Question 28

principle behind boosters

Answer 28

1st immunization: one strain predominates in growth

next immunizations: immunity by previous immunization limits growth of previous previously predominant strain

Question 29

vaccines wherein organisms are killed by heat, chemicals, antibiotics, radiation but still antigenic

Answer 29

Inactivated Vaccines

Question 30

disadvantage of inactivated vaccines

Answer 30

less effective than attenuated due to potentially denatured epitopes

Question 31

Only absolute contraindication of inactivated vaccines

Answer 31

severe local or general reaction to a previous dose

Question 32

types of purified macromolecules vaccines

Answer 32

Toxoids
Protein subunit
Conjugate

Question 33

toxoid preparation

Answer 33

detoxifying bacterial exotoxins

Question 34

toxoid MOA

Answer 34

after injecting, body produces antibodies against these toxoid which eventually neutralize moiety produced during infection

Question 35

protein subunit MOA

Answer 35

part of the pathogen (protein) without its genetic material will be used to create an immune response

Question 36

samples of protein subunit vaccines

Answer 36

HepB vax - surface proteins of virus
VLP againts HPV
H and N subuntis of flu virus

Question 37

why are there conjugate vaccines

Answer 37

some bacteria have poorly immunogenic outer coats (kasi polysaccharides) -> must conjugate to a protein

Question 38

examples of conjugate vaccines

Answer 38

Hib vaccine
meningococcal vax - cell wall
pneumococcal vax - capsule

Question 39

experimental vaccines examples

Answer 39

dendritic cell vaccines
recombinant vector
T-cell receptor peptide vax
target bacterial proteins invovled in complement inhibition
DNA vax

Question 40

vaccine which immunizes against a single antigen? 2 or more strains/2 or more organisms?

Answer 40

Mono/univalent;Multi/polyvalent

Question 41

Pathogens of other animals that either don’t cause or cause only mild disease in organism being treated

Answer 41

Heterotypic / Jennerian vaccines

Question 42

Jenner’s Experiment

Answer 42

used cowpox to protect against small pox

Question 43

example of Heterotypic vaccine

Answer 43

using BCG (from mycobacterium bovis) against human TB