toxicology Flashcards
what is toxicology
study of the adverse effects of drugs
what does NOAEL mean
no observed adverse effect level
(the level of drug at which there is no adverse effect yet)
what does ED50 mean
median “effective dose” at which 50% of the population has a therapeutic effect
what does TD50 mean
median “toxic dose” at which 50% of the population has a toxic effect
what does LD50 mean
median “lethal dose” at which 50% of the population has a lethal effect
equation for therapeutic index (TI)
= LD50 / ED50
or
= TD50 / ED50
narrow / small therapeutic index (TI) = drug is _____ safe
less
wide / large therapeutic index (TI) = drug is _____ safe
more
therapeutic index (TI) does not take into account _____, which means _____
the SLOPE of the dose-response curves
you can’t compare safety of 2 drugs that have different slopes
equation for Margin of Safety
= LD1 / ED99
another name for ED curve
efficacy curve
another name for LD curve
lethality curve
3 primary routes of drug exposure
GI
respiratory
skin
adverse effects depend on the _____ of a drug at _____
concentration at the target organ
acute toxicity or chronic exposure to air pollutants can cause what 3 things
bronchitis
COPD
lung cancer
6 steps in management of intoxicated pt
(ex-AMENS)
1- remove from exposure
2- reduce Absorption of toxin
3- reduce drug amount or increase Metabolism
4- increase Excretion of toxin
5- Neutralize toxic effects
6- treat Symptoms
CO toxicity symptoms & treatment
Dizziness
100% O2 hyperbaric chamber
Ozone (O3) gas appearance, symptoms, treatment
Blue gas
Bronchitis
Symptom relief
Hydrocarbons (solvents) symptoms & treatment
CNS depression
Symptom relief
Organochloride pesticides example, symptoms, treatment
DDT
Tremor, seizures
Symptom relief
Organophosphorous pesticides symptoms, treatment
DUMBELLS-
diarrhea, urination, miosis, bradycardia, emesis, lacrimation, lethargy, salivation
Atropine (a competitive antagonist)
Botanical / plant origin pesticides symptoms, treatment
CNS excitation, contact dermatitis
Symptom relief
Herbicides example, treatment
Agent orange
Symptom relief
Iron toxicity symptoms, treatment
Vomiting, abd pain, diarrhea
Deferoxamine (chelator)
Lead toxicity symptoms, treatment
Neurocognitive sxs
Chelator
Mercury toxicity symptoms, treatment
Tremor, gingivostomatitis
Chelator
Administer _____ to treat weak acid drug toxicity; makes urine more _____
Sodium bicarbonate
Urine becomes more basic
Administer _____ to treat weak base drug toxicity; makes urine more _____
Ammonium chloride
Urine becomes more acidic
