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NREMT® Paramedic > EMT-P (4) Medical > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

Explore Toxicologies and the prehospital emergencies within

1
Q

What is the most common substance abused?

A
  • alcohol
  • oxycodone
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2
Q

Define:

poison

A

Substance that is toxic by nature.

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3
Q

Define:

drug

A

A substance with therapeutic effect at a proper dose.

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4
Q

Define:

overdose

A

When a drug is taken in excess.

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5
Q

Define:

bioavailability

A

The extent to which a drug produces the desired effect.

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6
Q

Define:

Chloral Hydrate

A

Otherwise known as “knock-out drops”

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7
Q

Define:

Rohypnol

A

date rape drug

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8
Q

What is the Poison Center Number?

A

1-800-222-1222

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9
Q

Name the four routes of absorption.

A
  • ingestion
  • inhalation
  • injection
  • absorption
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10
Q

How much more does carbon monoxide bind to hemoglobin?

A

250x more

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11
Q

List examples of stimulants.

A
  • Amphetamine
  • Methamphetamine
  • Cocaine
  • Diet aids
  • Nasal decongestants
  • Bath salts
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12
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of stimulants?

A
  • restlessness
  • agitation
  • incessant talking
  • insomnia
  • anorexia
  • dilated pupils
  • tachycardia
  • tachypnea
  • paranoia
  • seizure
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13
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of narcotics?

A
  • constricted pupils
  • respiratory depression
  • needle tracks
  • drowsiness
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14
Q

List examples of sympathomimetic drugs.

A
  • Pseudoephedrine
  • Amphetamine
  • Methamphetamine
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15
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of sympathomimetic drugs?

A
  • hypertension
  • tachycardia
  • dilated pupils
  • hyperthermia
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16
Q

List examples of sedative or hypnotic drugs.

A
  • Phenobarbital
  • Diazepam
  • Midazolam
  • Lorazepam
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17
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of sedative or hypnotic drugs?

A
  • drowsiness
  • ataxia
  • slurred speech
  • AMS
  • CNS depression
  • hypotension
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18
Q

List examples of cholinergic drugs.

A
  • Acephate
  • Diazinon
  • Celthion
  • Cythion
  • Sarin
  • Parathion
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19
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of cholinergics?

A
  • Salivation
  • Lacrimation (excessive tearing)
  • Urination
  • Diarrhea
  • Gastrointestinal distress
  • Emesis (vomiting)
  • Miosis (constricted pupils)

Cholinergic toxicity is often summarized by the SLUDGE-M mnemonic.

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20
Q

List examples of anticholinergic drugs.

A
  • Atropine
  • Antihistamines
  • Antipsychotics
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21
Q

What are the side effects of anticholinergic drugs?

A
  • Dry mouth
  • Flushed skin
  • Hyperthermia
  • Dilated pupils
  • Blurred vision
22
Q

What are the different odors of cyanide, arsenic, and methyl alcohol?

A
  • Cyanide: almonds
  • Arsenic: garlic
  • Methyl alcohol: acetone
23
Q

Define:

habituation

A

Psychological dependence on a drug.

24
Q

Define:

physical dependence

A

Physiological addiction with physical withdrawals.

25
Q

Define:

psychological dependence

A

Craving a drug emotionally.

26
Q

Define:

tolerance

A

Physiological adaptation that requires larger doses for the same effect.

27
Q

Define:

potentiation

A

Enhancement of one drug effect by taking another.

28
Q

Define:

synergism

A

Two substances where total effects are greater than the sum.

Eg. 2+2= 5

29
Q

Fill in the blank.

The most widely abused drug in America is _______.

A

alcohol

30
Q

What are delirium tremens?

A

Alcohol withdrawals.

Signs/symptoms:

  • fever
  • confusion
  • seizures
31
Q

Treatment

acute alcohol intoxication

A
  • fluids
  • thiamine
32
Q

Define:

cocaine

A

Natural occurring alkaloid.

33
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of bath salts?

A
  • Hallucinations
  • Paranoia
  • Agitation
34
Q

Treatment

stimulant abuse

A
  • Prevent seizures.
  • Consider beta blockers to lower the pulse rate.
  • Apply ice packs for hyperthermia.
35
Q

What is LSD?

A

Lysergic Acid Diethylamine

Primarily affects the senses.

36
Q

What is PCP?

A

Phencyclidine

Dissociative anesthetic.

37
Q

Define:

ketamine

A

Tranquilizer that is a dissociate anesthetic that preserves the respiratory drive.

38
Q

What are peyote and mescaline?

A

Hallucinogenic typical in native tribes.

39
Q

What are sedative hypnotics?

A

CNS depressants that reduce anxiety and calm agitation.

40
Q

What are barbiturates?

A

Sleep aids, anxiety, and seizure medications that typically end in “barbital”.

Treat OD with:

  • fluid
  • bicarb, 1 mEq/kg
  • lasix
41
Q

What are benzodiazepines?

A

CNS depressant used for anxiety, seizures and alcohol withdrawals.

Antidote: Romazicon

42
Q

What are narcotics, opiates/opoids?

A

Analgesics for pain control or sleep aids.

Antidote: Nalaxone

43
Q

Define:

opiate

A

Natural drugs from the opium plant.

44
Q

Define:

opiod

A

Synthetic opiates made in a lab for street use.

45
Q

What is a type 1 antidysrhythmic?

A

Sodium-channel blockers.

Eg. Lidocaine

46
Q

What is a type 2 antidysrhythmic?

A

Beta-adrenergic or Beta-blockers.

Eg. Metoprolol, Labetalol

47
Q

What is a type 3 antidysrhythmic?

A

Potassium-channel blockers.

Eg. Amiodarone

48
Q

What is a type 4 antidysrhythmic?

A

Calcium-channel blockers.

Eg. Diltiazem

49
Q

Define:

organophosphates

A

Pesticides used in agriculture and nerve gases in the military.

Antidote: Atropine, 2-PAM

50
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?

A
  • cherry-red skin color
  • Pressure in the head.
  • confusion

Antidote: oxygen and hyperbaric chamber.

EMT-P (4) Medical (8 decks)

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