Hematologic and Immunologic Emergencies

Question 1

How much of blood is plasma?

Answer 1

55%

Question 2

Define:

erythrocytes

Answer 2

Red blood cells

RBC

Question 3

Define:

leukocytes

Answer 3

White blood cells

WBC

Question 4

Define:

thrombocytes

Answer 4

Platelets

Question 5

Where does the production of RBCs occur?

Answer 5

Within stems cells inside the bone marrow.

Question 6

What is Hematocrit?

Answer 6

Proportion of RBCs in the blood.

Question 7

What is the function of WBC’s?

Answer 7

Provides immunity against foreign invaders.

Question 8

What is the function of platelets?

Answer 8

Initial clot forming after an injury.

Question 9

Define:

Hemostasis

Answer 9

The process of hemorrhage control within the body.

Question 10

Where are clotting factors produced?

Answer 10

liver

Question 11

What is the function of the spleen?

Answer 11

• Filters RBCs.
• Produce lymphocytes.

Question 12

Describe:

ABO system of blood

Answer 12

Question 13

What is the clotting cascade?

Answer 13

The body’s pathway to form fibrin.

Question 14

What are coagulopathies?

Answer 14

Bleeding disorders

Question 15

Define:

Sickle Cell Disease

Answer 15

Sickle shaped RBCs make poor carriers for oxygen.

Question 16

What is an aplastic crisis?

Answer 16

The body stops the production of RBCs.

Question 17

What is Hemolytic crisis?

Answer 17

Acute RBC destruction.

Question 18

Define:

Splenic Sequestration Crisis

Answer 18

Painful acute enlargement of spleen, caused by sickle cells within the spleen blocking blood from leaving the organ.

Question 19

Define:

anemia

Answer 19

Hemoglobin or RBC level lower than normal.

Question 20

What are the signs/symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

Answer 20

• SOB
• fatigue
• weakness

Question 21

Define:

Leukemia

Answer 21

Abnormal or excessive production of WBCs.

Type of cancer of the lymphoid system.

Question 22

What are Lymphomas?

Answer 22

Malignant diseases that arise in the lymphoid system.

2 types:

• Non-Hodgkin
• Hodgkin

Question 23

What is the difference between Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma?

Answer 23

Non-Hodgkin:

• Arises anywhere in the body.
• older diagnosis
• more prevalent

Hodgkin:

• Arises in the neck, armpit, and chest.
• younger diagnosis
• not as common

Question 24

Define:

polycythemia

Answer 24

Over abundance of RBCs.

Typical in CHF or hypertension.

Question 25

# Define: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | DIC

Answer 25

A condition that causes **excessive bleeding and hemorrhage** due to **loss of clotting factors**.

Question 26

What **clotting factors** are involved in **Hemophilia**?

Answer 26

* VIII * IX

Question 27

# Define: Multiple Myeloma

Answer 27

Increased production of plasma cells forms **tumors** in the bones.

Question 28

# Define: Transfusion-Related Lung Injury | TRALI

Answer 28

**Pulmonary edema** post blood transfusion.

Question 29

List possible **transfusion reactions**.

Answer 29

* hemolytic * febrile * allergic * Transfusion-Related Lung Injury * circulatory overload * infection

Question 30

# Define: allergen

Answer 30

Substances that produces an **allergic response**.

Question 31

# Define: antibody

Answer 31

**Protein** produced from an **antigen**.

Question 32

# Define: antigen

Answer 32

**Foreign substance** that produces an **immune response**.

Question 33

# Define: Lupus

Answer 33

Multisystem Autoimmune Disease

Question 34

# Define: Scleroderma

Answer 34

**Autoimmune disease** that causes **hardening of connective tissues**.

Question 35

# Define: Cellular Immunity

Answer 35

**Production of special WBCs** to defend against invaders.

Question 36

# Define: Humoral Immunity

Answer 36

**Production of antibodies** that attack invading organisms.

Question 37

Name the **four routes of entry** for allergens.

Answer 37

* injection * absorption * inhalation * ingestion

Question 38

# Define: Acquired Immunity

Answer 38

Vaccine administration makes the body **produce antibodies without experiencing** the disease.

Question 39

# Define: Natural Immunity

Answer 39

The body is **affected** by a virus and **builds its own immunity** to future invasions.