Tourism Real Flashcards
Reasons for global increase in tourism no1
More disposable income
Reasons for global increase in tourism no2
People are generally more wealthier
Reasons for global increase in tourism no3
More leisure time- now 4 to 5 weeks holiday per year. In 1950, it used to be 2 weeks per year.
Reasons for global increase in tourism no4+5
Improvements in technology - commercial flights are more accessible as there are more of them flying.
Tickets are cheaper as well. E.g. EasyJet
Reasons for global increase in tourism no6
There has been an expansion of holiday choice: package holidays, eco holidays. As places are more available as they are politically stable
Potential of cities
Shopping
Sightseeing
Potential of mountains
Walking and trekking
Winter sports like skiing
Potential of Coastal areas
Swimming, beach, hot climate
Economic importance of tourism no1
Employment in tourism industry is high. 30% of the population of Antigua and Barbuda work in these jobs like waiters and tour guides
Economic importance of tourism no 2
Foreign exchange from tourists spending money in pounds, dollars and euros is essential to buy goods from abroad.
Economic importance of tourism no3
Government tax visitors to help pay for extra services like water supply and electricity, helping the country improve their infrastructure
2 contributions of tourism to the UK economy
9% of UK GDP comes from tourism.
3.1 million jobs in tourism in 2013
External factors affecting U.K. Tourism no1
Terrorism causes visitor numbers to decline sharply.
E.g. 2005 London Underground bombing
External factors affecting U.K. Tourism 2
Currency exchange rates control value for money for tourists.
E.g. In 2008, the Euro was high against the pound, so holidaying in the Eurozone became expensive.
The Butler resort life cycle model: Exploration
Small number of tourists. Local people haven’t developed tourist services yet
The Butler resort life cycle model: involvement
Local people start to provide accommodation and other services for tourists
The Butler resort life cycle model: Development
Number of tourists rise dramatically. Large companies build hotels. Travel companies start advertising package holidays.
The Butler resort life cycle model: consolidation
Tourism is major part of local economy. Some hotels and facilities are becoming older and unattractive
The Butler resort life cycle model: rejuvenation
Attempts are made to modernise resort. Attract different people to enjoy new activities
The Butler resort life cycle model: decline
Resort becomes unfashionable and tourist numbers decline
U.K coastal resort - Blackpool: reasons for its growth no1
Improved transport allowed people to travel easily to Blackpool. In 1846, the railway was linked to Blackpool and factory workers wanted to visit seaside. In 1975, M55 was built to link M6 to Blackpool
U.K coastal resort - Blackpool: reasons for growth no2
7 mile beach attracted wealthy people.
In 1868, central pier opened. In 1870’s, workers were given annual holidays. 1894, Blackpool tower opened, which has a circus and ballroom. 1905, theme park called pleasure beach opened.
U.K coastal resort - Blackpool: strategies to cope with large numbers of tourists
Drunk people- more police patrols and pubs shorten their opening times.
Traffic congestions - 16 new flexitrams introduced in 2011. Safe cycle network and hire a bike scheme encouraged cycling
U.K coastal resort - Blackpool: tourist decline
1960’s, package holidays introduced and cheaper to go abroad to more exotic places with better weather. People have more disposable income and more holidays.
Overcrowding, a shift in market to late night drinking and stag and hen parties.
U.K coastal resort - Blackpool: rejuvenation no1
Make it an all year round destination. Indoor attractions like Winter Gardens where there is an opera house to attract wealthy visitors. Blackpool zoo and Sea life centre attracts families and can go whatever the weather. Blackpool illuminations attract people in autumn time when other resorts have finished their tourist seasons
U.K coastal resort - Blackpool: rejuvenation no2
Advertising increased tourist numbers. Strictly come dancing in the Blackpool tower ballroom invites new tourists. Too gear presenters switch in the Blackpool illuminations every year.
Mass tourism definition
A large scale tourism that dominates a country. It involved tens of thousands of people going to the same resort often at the same time of year. Often sold as a package deal.
Mass Tourism- tropical tourist area- Jamaica: Positive effects
Tourism brings jobs: 200,000 Jamaicans work in tourism. Money can be used to protect and repair environment. New infrastructure benefits locals.
The economy benefits from taxation, jobs and tourists spending money.
Mass Tourism- tropical tourist area- Jamaica: negative effects
Jobs are seasonal so locals may live poorly.
Construction of infrastructure can harm the environment. Travel produces CO2. Food has to be imported for fussy tourists who want their own country’s food.
Mass Tourism- tropical tourist area- Jamaica Kingston
Kingston: art galleries, museums and theatres. Blue mountains for hiking.
Mass Tourism- tropical tourist area- Jamaica San Antonia
Port Antonio. Reach falls, blue lagoon, Rio Grande
Mass Tourism- tropical tourist area- Jamaica: ocho rias
Marine park called Dolphin cove.
Dunns river falls.
Mass Tourism- tropical tourist area- Jamaica: Montego Bay
Trendy shops and golf courses
Mass Tourism- tropical tourist area- Jamaica: Negril
7 mile beach, cliff diving.
Mass Tourism- tropical tourist area- Jamaica: maintaining importance of tourism
ecotourism: Since it popularity is increasing, they are spreading tourists around the country to places like Blue Mountains. Nature reserves and eco-lodges are being built quickly.
Community tourism: People have been living in local’s houses, B&B style. Their needs are provided by local sources. It gives tourists a sense of culture and connects them with the locals. It also supports local businesses and the money stays in the country.
Problems and solution no1: Jamaica
Destruction of coral reefs and mangroves off the west coast of negril, causing greater erosion -> Created the Negril Marine National Park.
Problems and solution no2: Jamaica
Deforestation and destruction of great morass wetland area for hotel development -> promoting ecotourism and encouraging people to stay in smaller guest house Inland
Problems and solution no3: Jamaica
Destruction of natural environment around honey pot areas like Dunns river falls-> local guides promote preservation and conservation of environment. Ties in with governments master plan to promote sustainable tourism.
Attraction of extreme environments to tourist no1
People can sleep rough and escape from modern conveniences
Attraction of extreme environments to tourists no2
attracted to extreme environments where they can take part in adventurous activities such as rock climbing, paragliding and white-water rafting.
Extreme environments target market
Around 30 years old, unmarried with no children, high powered jobs and high level of income
What are extreme environments
Locations with particularly difficult environments where the development of tourism has only recently occurred due to a niche market demand for somewhere different with physical challenges
Extreme tourism - inca frail Machu Picchu POSITIVE IMPACTS
- Brings in money to support community facilities and services
- $20 entrance ticket , Machu Picchu generated $6million a year for Peru.
- Multiplier effect brings new money into the economy.
- Provides cultural exchange between hosts and guests
Extreme tourism - incat rail Machu Picchu NEGATIVE IMPACTS
- Up to 2000 people visit Machu Picchu every day, visitor numbers growing at 6% per year. Site being eroded by feet.
- Employment tends to be seasonal.
- Jobs poorly paid.
- Money earned by tourism often is leaked and is used to pay for imports required by tourists.
Extreme tourism to way too extent can Machu Picchu cope with torusim
Litter- 1000s of people leave litter along the trail. Now groups must carry bin liners, and camping is restricted to designated sites only.
Erosion- they have now built properly constructed steps that can take the wear of constant trampling. Inca trail is closed during rainy season. (Nov to April)
From 2001 the access to trail increased from 17$ to 50$.
Stewardship
Personal responsibility for looking after the environment. No one should damage the present or future environment
Conservation
Management of the landscape to protect ecosystems and cultural features
Ecotourism
Environmentally friendly tourism, focuses on protecting the local way of life and the environment
Ecotourism - Galápagos Islands - environmental positive effects
Use sustainable energy with little waste generated. They can only visit on small ships which hold 10 to 16 people, and visitors only alllowed to visit certain places. Guidelines include: don’t take too many showers or use air conditioning, dont leave litter and walk on footpaths. Tourists have to pay £25 to promote conservation on the islands.
Ecotourism- Galápagos Islands- benefits for local economy
Tourists stay in small guest houses which are run as family businesses and tourists give tips which directly go to the local people. Tour boats are owned by locals as well. Encouraged to eat local food, avoid imported food from MEDC’s.
Ecotourism - Galápagos Islands- can it contribute to sustainable development
Increasing levels of tourism had meant that the islands were in danger of losing their UNESCO world heritage biosphere reserve status- however in 2009 a five-zone management strategy was in place, with tour operators and visitors paying higher fees to access wildlife sites, providing income to help protect unique biodiversity.
