changing Urban Environments

Question 1

Urbanisation definition

Answer 1

A process where by the proportion of people living in urban areas increases.

Question 2

2 causes of urbanisation

Answer 2

1. Internal growth. When the BIRTH RATE IS HIGHER than death rate. People that migrate tend to be young, which leads to high fertility rates. Improved medical care reduces death rate.
2. Rural-urban migration. A process where by people move from countryside to cities.

Question 3

Push factor

Answer 3

Something that pushes a person to want to LEAVE A PLACE OR COUNTRY . e.g. War, lack of education, food, water, electricity. natural disasters, poor healthcare

Question 4

Pull factor

Answer 4

Something that attracts a person to that country

E.g. Better jobs, freedom, better healthcare, safety, stable government, better living standards.

Question 5

Pattern and distribution of mega cities

Answer 5

General pattern of population of largest cities is quite evenly spread out. But it’s clustered in Asia. Asia is rapidly developing
Biggest cities mostly found in Asia, North America, northern hemisphere. No large cities in Australasia.
Most major cities are near the coast for trading purposes.

Question 6

CBD, inner city, outer city/suburbs

Answer 6

CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRCIT: main shopping and service area in a city. Easily accessible.
Inner city: area around CBD. Usually built before 1918 in the UK. Many terraced houses and flats
Outer city: many suburbs built after 1945 and get newer as they reach the edge of the city. Detached and semi detached houses
Rural-urban fringe: built after wars, has cul-de-sacs of larger houses

Question 7

Greenfield site - what is it and advantages.

Answer 7

Land that has not been used before, usually in countryside
New sites don’t need clearing so can be cheaper to prepare.
No restrictions of existing road networks.
Pleasant countryside environment might appeal to potential home owners. Land is cheaper on outskirts so plots can be larger.

Question 8

Brownfield sites. What is it. Advantages.

Answer 8

Land that has been built on before. It is to be cleared and re used. Often in inner city.
Easier to get planning permission as councils want to see B sites used. Water and electricity already provided. Nearer to facilities like shops and work. Roads already exist.

Question 9

Problems in MEDC cities

Answer 9

Housing , traffic, mixed culture, CBD, inner city

Question 10

Traffic - why is it a problem and solutions

Answer 10

Air pollution, noise pollution, buildings are discoloured due to pollutants, increase in respiratory problems, accidents.
Congestion charges- fee charged for driving vehicles in the congestion charge zone in centra London between 7AM-6PM mon-fri. Reduced greenhouse gases by 13.4% in one year. Cycling increased by 49%. More Cycle lanes and Borris bike: rent bikes for the day for £2/24hrs.

Question 11

CAMBRIDGE CASE STUDY SOLUTIONS TO TRAFFIC

Answer 11

Between 2001&2011, population grew by13%.
Park and Ride: five park and Ride bus services run into city centre from outskirts. Large free car park on the outskirts, from there fare-paid buses leave every 10mins on dedicated bus lanes. Less cars in city and less traffic.
Guided Busway: links Huntington and St Ives with Cambridge on a 26km guideway. Opened in 2011, 2012 survey showed 44% of passengers used guided busway on a daily basis, total number of journey reached 4 million. 23 bio buses introduced which run on carbon neutral biodiesel fuel made from cooking oil and animal fat.
Cycle network: 2.1 m wide cycle lanes with priority over side routes and would run along 3 main roads leading into city centre
20mph speed limit to reduce amount of accidents

Question 12

Segregation definition

Answer 12

When people from a certain ethnicity choose to live with people from similar areas and far away from others from different cultures and ethnicities.

Question 13

Causes of segregation

Answer 13

People feel SAFE and SECURE and COMFORTED around people from the same background, protection from racial abuse. Familiar culture and language in that area.
Specialist facilities available in that area: Muslims worship in a mosque. Also food shops might sell familiar foods.
Immigrants tend to do low paid jobs, could only afford housing in certain parts of city.

Question 14

Solutions to segregation. LEEDS

Answer 14

Leeds : improving educational provision and opportunities in deprived areas : English language classes : increases children’s achievements.
Increasing employment opportunities of different types in all areas.
By organising community meetings to bring everyone together.
By providing facilities for everyone: LEAFLETS OROVIDED IN ALL LANGUAGES IN GOVERNE,NT

Question 15

Problem in KINGSTON and solutions

Answer 15

In late 1980’s Kingston was facing completions from other shopping centres like Bluewater.
Traffic : widening of the bridge to ease flow of traffic
Pollution: pedestrianisation if Clarence street, provision of cycle routes and bike racks
Safe: pedestrianised roads and town Rangers
Lack of space: car park
Urban decline: bentalls centre, posh riverside flats, market place, rotunda and odeon.

Question 16

Squatter settlements

Answer 16

Areas of cities that are built by people of poor materials in land that’s not theirs. Favelas in BRAZIL. Slum in KIBERA

Question 17

Kibera CASE STUDY

Answer 17

East Africa. South-West Nairobi.
Largest slum in the world: 1 million people in a 2.5km2 region. Live on 85p a day. Live in one bedroom shacks.
Problems: waste disposal non existent. Poor sanitation, open sewers. Contaminated water:20% of children die before 5. Risk of flooding bad shelter. Disease can spread quickly.
60% of Nairobians inhabitants live in slums. Over 100,000 children’s believed to be orphans.

Question 18

Solutions to squatter settlements KIBERA

Answer 18

Practical Action: provides low cost roof tiles made of sand and Clay affordable for residents, improving quality of housing.
the world bank: Water access improved. Provided one main water pipe for 3 Kenyan shillings for 20 litres. Also with funding from UNICEF, KWANO provided 27 water kiosks, 3 in every village.
United Nations human settlement program provided affordable electricity to some parts at 300 Kenyan shillings per shack.
Kenyan government and UN Habitat: re housed thousands of residents in 2003: 770 families were rehoused in new blocks of flats with water, toilets and electricity.
Kibera UK: provide info for gap year students to do jobs abroad like assisting schools and orphanages.
Kibera in love: Lack of education improved by building classrooms and contributed to teachers salaries and food for children.

Question 19

Self help scheme, site and service scheme, local authority scheme

Answer 19

1. Involve government and local people working together to improve life in settlements
2. People pay a small amounted rent for s site and they can borrow money to buy materials
3. Improving temporary accommodation by local governments

Question 20

Rapid urbanisation problems

Answer 20

E waste : AGBOGBLOSHE in GHANA - burn electronics imported from other countries- toxic gases produced like cadmium which causes lead poisoning.
Environmental disasters : 1984 BHOPAL in INDIA- leaked toxic gases from factories : over 10,000 people died, 22 toxic chemicals.
Water pollution: river GANGES - untreated sewage and cremated remains. Doubling numbers in factories means more waste - chromium released- heavy metal in water
Waste & pollution: SHANGHAI- 30,000 tonnes of waste a day. Industry Produces 70% of countries CO2. 400,000 deaths a year.

Question 21

SOLUTIONS TO RAPID URBANISTSTION PROBLEMS

Answer 21

Waste disposal: recycling: car tyres made into Sandra,s, food waste fed to animal or used as fertilisers. Shanghai: effective solid waste disposal unit installed in most households.
Air pollution: low sulphur coal used. Use new technology that reduced emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide: switch to cleaner alternative sources of energy.
Water pollution: GANGA ACTION PLAN sought to introduce water treatment works on river Ganges.

Question 22

CAIRO - SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS

Answer 22

Congested and fume filled roads: Cairos Metro- trains organised and air conditioned - used by 2 million commuters a day.
Sewage system: greater Cairo sewage project provides aid to repair sewers.
Pop density is 33,000 per KM squared, average living soace is less than 2m squared: 40 settlements planned to be built to house 15 million people.

Question 23

BedZED CASESTUDY SUSTAINABLE CITY

Answer 23

Carbon neutral development built in 2002. Built on brownfield site.
Water usage reduced by 50%- dual flush and low flow taps. Rainwater is collected and reused for toilet water.
There are plants in roofs. Reduced carbon emissions by 56%
Renewable energy supplies: 777m2 of solar panels and a biomass combined heat and power plant & wind turbines.
Energy efficient appliances: houses face south to take advantage of solar gain, tripled glazed, have high thermal insulation.
Low impact materials: building materials were selected from renewable/recycled sources within 35 miles of the site- minimises the energy required for transportation.
All meters are at eye level so you are always keeping an eye on how much u use. Segregated recycling bins.

Question 24

Definition of sustainable city

Answer 24

A city that is going to last in the future that offers good quality of life to residents now. Is designed with consideration of environmental impact and uses in resources in a sustainable way.

Question 25

UDC- LDDC

Answer 25

Build more houses: 22000 new houses built, 10000 refurbishes terraced houses. More services: post 16 college for Uni of east London.
Employment: 27000 in 1981 increased to 90000 by 2000. Transport: jubilee line extension.
Reclaimed 750 hectares of derelict land. 200,000 trees planted.

Question 26

Why does rapid urbanisation result in growth of informal sector

Answer 26

Because there are more people living in the city, so less formal jobs are available, so people have to start their own informal businesses like HAIR SALONSS and SELLING SANDALS