Tourette's Syndrome

Question 1

What is the most obvious symptom of Tourette’s Syndrome?

Answer 1

Tics - brief actions or vocalisations

Question 2

What are the 2 types of tics?

Answer 2

Simple
complex

Question 3

Why do tics happen?

Answer 3

Follows the experience of an (involuntary) urge to move, to which the individual responds by (voluntarily) releasing the tic in order to relive the urge

Question 4

What is the difference between TS and Tourette disorder?

Answer 4

Tic-free intervals
Tourette disorder - not more than 3 consecutive months

Question 5

What stage of life are tic disorders associated with?

Answer 5

Childhood
adolescemce

Question 6

What makes tics worse?

Answer 6

Stress

Question 7

What 4 conditions are tourettes comorbid with?

Answer 7

OCD
ADD/ADHD
Depression
impulse control disorders

Question 8

What is a treatment for Tics?

Answer 8

Habit reversal

Question 9

What is habit reversal therapy?

Answer 9

behavioral therapy to express a different behaviors than tic
awareness training & competing response training

Question 10

What are types of drugs used in Tic treatment?

Answer 10

Noradrenergic alpha 2 drugs (Clonidine)
GABAergic drugs (Baclofen)
Neuroleptics (Dopamine D2 antagonists)
Atypical neuroleptics (serotonin antagonists + dopamine D2 antagonists)
Botox

Question 11

What brain regions are associated with TS?

Answer 11

basal ganglia
putamen

Question 13

What happens to basal ganglia pathways in TS?

Answer 13

Compromises inhibitory striatal output via facilitation of direct over indirect pathway activity -> disinhibition of thalamic output to motor cortex

Question 14

What interneurons are associated with TS?

Answer 14

Reduction in GABAergic interneurons

Question 15

What are common risk genes associated with TS?

Answer 15

NRXNs
SHANK3
NLGNS

Question 16

What does the mitochondria croostalk with?

Answer 16

Signaling mechanisms involved with neurons