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Brain Disorders > Alzheimers biomarkers > Flashcards

Alzheimers biomarkers Flashcards

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1
Q

What test is used to identify adults at risk to AD?

A

Cognitive screening tests

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2
Q

What are 4 things that cognitive screening tests?

A

attention
spatial navigation
visuo-spatial orientation
short term working memory
conflict resolution

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3
Q

What brain region is spatial navigation involved in?

A

hippocampal & temporal involvement

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4
Q

What brain region is involved in visuo-spatial orientation?

A

parietal & limbic involvement

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5
Q

What brain region is involved in short term working memory?

A

Prefrontal involvement

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6
Q

What brain region is involved in conflict resolution?

A

cingulate & prefrontal involvement

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7
Q

What does Stroop colour & word tests assess?

A

Ability to inhibit cognitive interference

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8
Q

What are 3 pathophysiology biomarkers for AD?

A

amyloid beta deposition
tau
neurodegeneration

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9
Q

What is volumetric MRI?

A

Looks at enlarged ventricles in hippocampus to diagnose AD in the MCI stage -> loss of brain matter

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10
Q

What are 2 benefits of volumetric MRI?

A

Availability
non-invasive

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11
Q

What is a disadvantage of structural MRI?

A

Decreased hippocampal volume is not an AD-specific measure

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12
Q

What is positron emission tomography (PET)?

A

measures metabolic rates of glucose as a measure of neuronal activity

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13
Q

What areas of the brain does hypermetabolism occurs first in AD?

A

temporoparietal areas

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14
Q

What is a limitation of PET?

A

not widely available
expensive

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15
Q

What does amyloid PET measure?

A

Concentration of amyloid in CSF

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16
Q

What is the specific radiotracer used in amyloid PET

A

PiB -> binds insoluble amyloid fibrils

17
Q

Where is substantial amyloid accumulation in AD located?

A

frontal cortex
neocortex

18
Q

What are limitations of amyloid-PET?

A

short half life of PiB
low affinity for soluble oligomeric amyloid

19
Q

What does aggregation of tau cause?

A

hyperphosphorylation of tau -> Paired helical fragments -> neurofibrillary tangles -> microtubule unstable -> dysfunctional neurons

20
Q

What is an example of tau tracer?

A

18F-FDDNP

21
Q

What does 18F-FDDNP bind?

A

extracellular amyloid-plaques & intracellular NFTs

22
Q

What are limitations to tau tracers?

A

clinical validation still required

23
Q

What does EEG have a strong correlation with?

A

MMSE scores (severity of dementia is linked to abnormal EEG)

24
Q

What 3 c does EEG show AD?

A

Lower frequency rhythms
Reduction in alpha & beta bands
Increase in theta & delta

Brain Disorders (17 decks)

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