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Brain Disorders > Parkinsons > Flashcards

Parkinsons Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 3 common symptoms of Parkinsons’s?

A

Tremor
Rigidity
Bradykinesia/hypokinesia

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2
Q

What are 5 non-motor features of Parkinson’s?

A

Sense of smell reduced
Constipation
Visual hallucinations
Frequency/urgency
Dribbling
Depression & dementia

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3
Q

What are 4 types of Parkinson’s plus syndrome?

A

Progressive supranuclear palsy
Multiple system Atrophy
Cortico-basal degeneration
Lewy body dementia

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4
Q

Define LBD.

A

Demenetia with lewy bodies & Parkinson’s disease dementia

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5
Q

What do the symptoms of LBD depend on?

A

Speed of development of cognitive difficulties/hallucinations in relation to movement issues

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6
Q

What brain regions do lewy bodies affect?

A

7 regions including hippocampus & limbic system

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7
Q

What are the 5 main symptoms of LBD?

A

problems with memory
attention
inability to understand visual info
planning
multitasking

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8
Q

What are 3 emotional signs of LBD?

A

Low mood
Loss of initiative
confusion

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9
Q

Where are lewy bodies located in dementia with lewy bodies?

A

Cerebral cortex

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10
Q

Where are lewy bodies located in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Substantia nigra

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11
Q

Where are lewy bodies located in Parkinson’s disease dementia?

A

cerebral cortex & substantia nigra

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12
Q

What type of neurodegenerative disorder is PD?

A

Polygenic - change in conformation of protein into deposits

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13
Q

What do lewy bodies accumulate from?

A

Alpha synuclein

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14
Q

What type of neurons are lost in PD?

A

nigrostriatal Dopaminergic neurons

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15
Q

What do the loss of dopaminergic neurons cause?

A

More tonic inhibiton of VA/VL complex of thalamus by basal ganglia -> decreased excitation of frontal cortex

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16
Q

What inhibitory cells are increased in PD?

A

Inhibitory cells in substantia nigra pars reticulata

17
Q

What 4 loops are affected in PD?

A

Motor
Oculomotor
Prefrontal
Limbic

18
Q

What could the disruption of non-motor loops cause?

A

Deterioration of cognitive & emotional function in PD

19
Q

When do symptoms start to present?

A

When 50-60%% of dopaminergic neurons are lost

20
Q

What 2 types of tegmental dopaminergic neurons does PD affect?

A

Dopamine transporter (DAT)
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)

21
Q

What is the main treatment of PD?

A

Increase DA transmission pharmological using dopamine precursors or dopamine agonists

22
Q

What is a DA precursor?

A

Levodopa

23
Q

What are 4 DA agonists?

A

Bromocriptine
Pramipexole
Rotigotine
Ropinrole

24
Q

How is L-DOPA different to DA?

A

L-DOPA can cross BBB

25
Q

What does L-DOPA prevent?

A

prevents freezing and tremors

26
Q

Why are dopamine agonists use?

A

To delay start of L-DOPA treatment as many S/Es come with L-DOPA

27
Q

What is a third treatment?

A

MAO-B inhibitors

28
Q

What does MAO-B do?

A

Degrades dopamine

29
Q

What are 2 types of MAO-B inhibitors?

A

Selegline
Rasagline

30
Q

What are COMT used for?

A

Lessens ‘off’ time in those with end-of-dose wearing off

31
Q

What are anticholinergics used for?

A

Efficient for tremors

32
Q

What id duodopa?

A

Combination of levodopa & carbidopa in a gel for continuous intestinal administration

33
Q

What 4 brain disorders does deep brain stimulation treat (DBS)?

A

PD
Epilepsy
Stroke
Severe OCD

34
Q

What are 4 characteristics of DBS?

A

Impanation can be unilateral or bilateral
Customized individually
continuous
immediate reduction in tremors

35
Q

What are 4 negatives of DBS?

A

Time consuming surgery
difficulty programming
difficulty with electrode targeting
heterogeneity of neuronal tissue affected

36
Q

What does DBS interrupt?

A

Abnormal information flow via functional disconnection of stimulated neuronal structures

Brain Disorders (17 decks)

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