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Neurology - Year 2 > Topography of the Brain > Flashcards

Topography of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated axons

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2
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Neuronal cell bodies

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3
Q

What is a tract?

A

Fibre pathway passing through the CNS carrying a specific modality

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4
Q

Where does the 2 internal carotid arteries enter the skull to supply the brain?

A

Carotid canal

foramen lacerum

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5
Q

Where does the 2 vertebral arteries enter the skull to supply the brain?

A

Foramen magnum

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6
Q

What is the Circle of Willis?

A

Branches of the internal carotid artery join together from both sides and with the posterior cerebral artery to form a continuous circle at the base of the brain

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7
Q

What is the importance of the Circle of Willis?

A

Protective feature against vaso-occlusion of large arteries

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8
Q

What branches does the internal carotid artery give?

A

Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior communicating arteries

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9
Q

What artery is formed by the joining of the 2 vertebral arteries on the ventral surface of the brainstem?

A

Basilar artery

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10
Q

What does the vertebro-basilar system supply?

A

Gives branches that supply the brainstem and cerebellum

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11
Q

Where does the basilar artery end?

A

Level of the midbrain - divides into 2 posterior cerebral arteries

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12
Q

What do the posterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

Posterior part of the cerebral hemispheres

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13
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres excluding occipital lobe

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14
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Lateral aspect of cerebral hemispheres

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15
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Inferior aspect of cerebral hemispheres and occipital lobe

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16
Q

Where do superficial and deep veins of the brain drain into?

A

Venous sinuses which lie between 2 layers of dura mater

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17
Q

Where do the dural venous sinuses drain into?

A

Internal jugular veins

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18
Q

When does the neural tube divide into 3 primary vesicles?

A

As soon as it is formed

Week 4

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19
Q

When does the neural tube divide into secondary vesicles?

A

Week 5

20
Q

What is in the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla

21
Q

What are the functions of the brainstem?

A

Pathway for fibre tracts between higher and lower centres
Nucleii involved with 10/12 cranial nerves
Brainstem centres produce the rigidly programmed automatic behaviours that are essential for survival

22
Q

What is the cavity in the medulla called?

A

IV ventricle

23
Q

What does the medulla become?

A

Continues as spinal cord and foramen magnum of cranium

24
Q

What are the surface features of the medulla?

A

Pyramids and their decussation
Olives laterally
Connected to cerebellum by inferior cerebellar peduncle
CN IX, X, XI, XII from its surface

25
Q

Where is the IV ventricle in relations to the pons?

A

Posterior

26
Q

What are the surface features of the pons?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle

CN V, VI, VII, VIII originate from its surface

27
Q

What does the midbrain develop from?

A

Mesencephalon

28
Q

What is the central cavity in the midbrain called?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

29
Q

What are the surface features of the midbrain?

A

Cerebral peduncle
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Corpora quadrigemina (superior and inferior collicolus)
Origin of oculomotor and trochlear nerves

30
Q

What cranial nerve is the only nerve to originate posteriorly?

A

Trochlear (IV)

31
Q

What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles in the brainstem?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

32
Q

What separates the right and left cerebellar hemispheres?

A

Vermis

33
Q

What are the 3 lobes of each cerebellar hemisphere?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular

34
Q

What does the surface of the cerebellum consist of?

A

Sulci

Folia

35
Q

How many cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A

3

36
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the cerebellum?

A

Posture maintenance

Fine tuning motor activity

37
Q

What tests identify ataxia?

A

Finger - nose test
Knee - heel test
Walking in a straight line

38
Q

Where is the diencephalon?

A

Deep within cerebral hemispheres, around the III ventricle

39
Q

Which vesicle does the diencephalon develop from?

A

Diencephalic vesicle (part of forebrain vesicle)

40
Q

What are the paired structures within the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus (+ pituitary)
Epithalamus (pineal gland)

41
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Egg shaped body on either side of the III ventricle

Makes up 80% of the diencephalon

42
Q

What groups of nucleii lie within the thalamus?

A

Anterior
Medial
Lateral

43
Q

What is the lateral group of nucleii in the thalamus involved in?

A

Processing sensory information

44
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Sensory relay station

45
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

Below the thalamus separated from it by the hypothalamic sulcus

46
Q

What is the hypothalamus’ function?

A

Main visceral control centre

Essential for overall homeostasis

47
Q

What is the homeostatic role of the hypothalamus?

A 
Autonomic control centre
Body temperature regulation
Regulation of food intake
Regulation of water balance and thirst
Regulation of sleep-wake cycle
Control of endocrine system functioning

Neurology - Year 2 (12 decks)

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