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Neurology - Year 2 > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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2
Q

What is the pathway of the olfactory nerve?

A

Receptors = olfactory epithelium in nasal cavity

Fibres pass through foramen in cribiform plate of ethmoid bone and enter olfactory bulb in anterior cranial fossa

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3
Q

What are the components of the olfactory nerve?

A

Special sensory = smell

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4
Q

What is clinically important about the olfactory nerve?

A

Fractured cribiform plate may tear olfactory nerve causing anosmia

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5
Q

What is the pathway of the optic nerve?

A

Enters via optic canal
Nerves join to form optic chiasm
Fibres from medial half of each retina cross = optic tract

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6
Q

What are the components of the optic nerve?

A

Special sensory = vision

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7
Q

Why is the optic nerve clinically important?

A

Increase in CSF pressure = papilloedema
Section of right optic nerve = blindness in right eye
Section of optic chiasm causes loss of peripheral vision (bitemporal hemianopsia)
Section of right optic tract = blindness in left temporal and right nasal fields

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8
Q

What is the pathway of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Emerges from midbrain

Exits via superior orbital fissure

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9
Q

What are the components of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Somatic motor = extraocular muscles and eyelid

Autonomic motor = parasymp. to pupil = constriction and to ciliary muscle = accommodation of lens

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10
Q

What is the clinical application of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Drooping of upper eyelid = ptosis
Eyeball abducted and pointing down
No pupillary reflex
No accommodation of the lens

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11
Q

What is the pathway of the trochlear nerve?

A

Emerges from dorsal surface of midbrain

Exits via superior orbital fissure

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12
Q

What are the components of the trochlear nerve?

A

Somatic motor = Extraocular muscles

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13
Q

What is the clinical application of the trochlear nerve?

A

Diplopia when looking down

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14
Q

What is the pathway of the abducent nerve?

A

Emerges between pons and medulla

Exits via superior orbital fissure

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15
Q

What are the components of the abducent nerve?

A

Somatic motor = extraocular muscle

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16
Q

What is the clinical application of the abducent nerve?

A

Medial deviation of the affected eye causing diplopia

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17
Q

What is the pathway of the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Emerges from pons
Travels through trigeminal ganglion
Exits via superior orbital fissure

18
Q

What are the components of the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A

General sensory = from cornea, forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose, mucosa of nasal cavity and sinuses

19
Q

What is the pathway of the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Emerges from pons
Travels through trigeminal ganglion
Exits via foramen rotundum

20
Q

What are the components of the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A

General sensory = face over maxilla, maxillary teeth, TMJ, nose mucosa, maxillary sinuses and palate

21
Q

What is the pathway of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Emerges from pons
Travels through trigeminal ganglion
Exits via foramen ovale

22
Q

What are the components of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A

General sensory = face over mandible, mandibular teeth, TMJ, mouth mucosa, ant. 2/3rds of tongue
Somatic motor = mastication muscles, part of digastric, tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani

23
Q

What is the clinical application of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Paralysis of muscles of mastication
Loss of corneal/sneezing reflex
Loss of sensation in face
Trigeminal neuralgia

24
Q

What is the pathway of the facial nerve?

A

Emerges at pontomedullary junction

Exits via internal acoustic meatus, facial canal and stylomastoid foramen

25
Q

What are the components of the facial nerve?

A

Somatic motor = muscles of facial expression and scalp, stapedius (middle ear), part of digastric
Autonomic motor = parasymp. innervation of submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal glands, glands of nose and palate
Special sensory = taste from ant. 2/3rd of tongue and soft palate
General sensory = from external acoustic meatus

26
Q

What is the clinical application of the facial nerve?

A

Most frequently injured - due to long pathway through bone

Bell’s palsy - can’t frown, close eyelid or bare teeth

27
Q

What is the pathway of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Emerges from pontomedullary junction
Exits via internal acoustic meatus
Divides into vestibular and cochlear nerves

28
Q

What are the componenets of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Special sensory = vestibular sensation from SC ducts, utricle, saccule - sense of position and movement
Hearing from spiral organ

29
Q

What is the clinical application of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Tinnitus
Deafness (sensorineural)
Vertigo
Nystagmus

30
Q

What is the pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Emerges from medulla

Exits via jugular foramen

31
Q

What are the components of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Special sensory = taste from post. 3rd of tongue
General sensory = cutaneous sensations from middle ear and posterior oral cavity
Visceral sensory = sensation from carotid body and carotid sinus
Autonomic motor = parasymp. innervation of parotid gland
Somatic motor = to stylopharyngeus, helps with swallowing

32
Q

What is the clinical application of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Loss of gag reflex and taste from back of tongue

Associated with injuries to CN X and XI = jugular foramen syndrome

33
Q

What is the pathway of the vagus nerve?

A

Emerges from medulla

Exits via jugular foramen

34
Q

What are the components of the vagus nerve?

A

Special sensory = taste from epiglottis and palate
General sensory = sensation from auricle, external acoustic meatus
Visceral sensory = from pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, oesophagus, stomach, intestine
Autonomic motor = parasymp. innervation of muscle in bronchi, gut, heart
Somatic motor = pharynx, larynx, palate, oesophagus

35
Q

What is the clinical application of the vagus nerve?

A

Damage to pharyngeal branches = difficulty swallowing

Damage to laryngeal branches = difficulty speaking

36
Q

What is the pathway of the accessory nerve?

A

Small cranial + large spinal roots exit via jugular foramen

37
Q

What are the components of the accessory nerve?

A

Somatic motor = striated muscle of soft palate, pharynx and larynx, and to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

38
Q

What is the clinical application of the accessory nerve?

A

Weakness in turning head and shrugging shoulders

39
Q

What is the pathway of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Emerges from medulla

Exits via hypoglossal canal

40
Q

What are the components of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Somatic motor = muscles of tongue

41
Q

What is the clinical application of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Vulnerable to damage during tonsillectomy

Causes paralysis and atrophy of ipsilateral half of tongue - tip deviates towards affected side

Neurology - Year 2 (12 decks)

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