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Neurology - Year 2 > EEG, Sleep and Circadian Rhythms > Flashcards

EEG, Sleep and Circadian Rhythms Flashcards

1
Q

What does activity of the suprachiasmatic nuclei control?

A

Release of melatonin from the pineal gland

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2
Q

What are inhibitory neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleii stimulated by?

A

Light

Inhibit pineal gland

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3
Q

What is orexin?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter released from hypothalamus

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4
Q

What is orexin required for?

A

Wakefulness

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5
Q

What does defective orexin cause?

A

Narcolepsy

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6
Q

How is level of consciousness assessed in an awake person?

A

Looking at behaviour, alertness, speech patterns and contents, reading, writing and calculating skills
Recording EEG

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7
Q

What is the amplitude of an EEG wave?

A

Size of the wave

Ranges from 0-200uV

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8
Q

What is the frequency of an EEG wave?

A

Number of waves per second

Ranges from 1-50+

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9
Q

What is the effect of EEG wave frequency with neural excitation?

A

Frequency of waves increase

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10
Q

What is the effect of amplitude of an EEG wave with neural excitation?

A

Amplitude decreases with increasing neuronal excitation

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11
Q

What are the 4 main types of wave pattern seen in an EEG?

A
  1. Alpha
  2. Beta
  3. Theta
  4. Delta
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12
Q

What type of wave pattern is seen in the relaxed, awake state in an EEG?

A

Alpha waves

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13
Q

What type of wave pattern is seen in the alert, awake state in an EEG?

A

Beta waves

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14
Q

What characterises alpha waves in an EEG?

A

High frequency

High amplitude

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15
Q

What characterises beta waves in an EEG?

A

Higher frequency than alpha
Low amplitude
Asynchronous waves

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16
Q

What characterises theta waves in an EEG?

A

Low frequency

Varied amplitude

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17
Q

When are theta waves in an EEG common?

A

In children
Emotional stress and frustration in adults
During sleep

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18
Q

What characterises delta waves in an EEG?

A

Very low frequency

High amplitude

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19
Q

When do delta waves in an EEG typically occur?

A

In deep sleep

20
Q

What is stage 1 of a sleep cycle?

A 
Slow wave
Non-REM
S-sleep
Slow eye movement
Light sleep - easily roused
High amplitude, low frequency theta waves
21
Q

What is stage 2 of a sleep cycle?

A

No eye movements
Frequency slows
Bursts of rapid waves (‘sleep spindles’)

22
Q

What is stage 3 of a sleep cycle?

A

High amplitude, very slow delta waves
Short episodes of faster waves
Spindle activity declines

23
Q

What is stage 4 of a sleep cycle?

A

Only delta waves

Deep sleep

24
Q

When is sleep walking/talking most likely to occur?

A

During stages 3 and 4 of sleep cycle

25
Q

What is stage 5 of a sleep cycle?

A

REM sleep
When dreams occur
25% of sleep

26
Q

When does REM sleep occur?

A

Lasts 5-30 minutes every 90 minutes during a normal nights sleep
Becomes more frequent throughout the night

27
Q

When are dreams most likely to occur?

A

REM sleep

28
Q

What prevents people acting out their dreams during REM sleep?

A

Inhibition of skeletal muscles due to inhibitory projections from pons to spinal cord

29
Q

What muscles show bursts of rapid activity during REM sleep?

A

Eye muscles

30
Q

What is REM sleep dependent on?

A

Cholinergic pathways in the reticular formation and projections to the thalamus, hypothalamus and cortex

31
Q

How do anticholinesterases affect REM sleep?

A

Increase time spent in REM sleep

32
Q

What happens to heart rate and respiratory rate in REM sleep?

A

Become irregular

33
Q

What happens to brain metabolism in REM sleep?

A

Increases

34
Q

What are the signs of sleep deprivation?

A 
Impairment of cognitive function
Impairment of physical performance
Sluggishness
Irritability
Psychosis may also occur
35
Q

What functions does sleep support?

A 
Neuronal plasticity
Learning/memory
Cognition
Clearance of waste products from CNS
Conservation of body energy
Immune function
36
Q

What is insomnia?

A

Chronic inability to obtain the necessary amount or quality of sleep to maintain adequate daytime behaviour

37
Q

When does temporary, secondary insomnia occur?

A

In response to pain, bereavement or other crisis

Usually short lived

38
Q

What is the effect of barbiturates on sleep?

A

Depress REM and delta sleep
Chronic use = increases time to fall asleep, decreases time spent in REM and stage 3 + 4 sleep
Increases number of times awake during night

39
Q

What is the main issue with benzodiazepines?

A

Addictive which can cause problems on withdrawal

40
Q

What are the risks of taking hypnotic sleeping drugs?

A

Increased risk of RTA and fall fractures

Risk of dementia is increased 3+ months use

41
Q

What is the preferred approach to dealing with insomnia?

A

Behavioural changes to support induction of sleep

42
Q

When are night terrors most likely to occur?

A

In deep delta sleep
Common in 3-8 year olds
Occur early in the night

43
Q

What happens during night terrors?

A

Children thrash and scream
May sit/stand with eyes open
Child does not remember episode on waking

44
Q

When does sleep-walking occur?

A

Exclusively in non-REM sleep
Mainly in stage 4
More common in children and young adults

45
Q

What are the common actions of a somnambulist?

A

Walk with eyes open
Avoids objects
Completes complex tasks
Obey instructions

46
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

Person enters directly into REM sleep with no warning

Neurology - Year 2 (12 decks)

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