Cerebral Hemispheres

Question 1

What is a sulcus?

Answer 1

A dip

Question 2

What is a gyrus?

Answer 2

An elevation

Question 3

What is a fissure?

Answer 3

A larger dip

Question 4

Where are grey and white matter found?

Answer 4

Grey = on the surface
White = inside

Question 5

What is the basal ganglia?

Answer 5

Collection of neuronal cell bodies buried in the white matter

Question 6

What is the role of the corpus callosum?

Answer 6

Connects the 2 hemispheres

Question 7

What is the role of the frontal lobe?

Answer 7

Motor function

Intellect

Question 8

What is the role of parietal lobe?

Answer 8

Somatosensory

Question 9

What is the role of the occipital lobe?

Answer 9

Vision

Question 10

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

Answer 10

Hearing

Smell

Question 11

Which part of the cerebral hemisphere is sensory and which is motor?

Answer 11

Posterior = sensory
Anterior = motor

Question 12

What are the medial portions of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for?

Answer 12

Storage and retrieval of processed information (limbic system)

Question 13

What is area 4 of the brain?

Answer 13

Precental gyrus: primary motor cortex

Somatotopic representation of contralateral half of body

Question 14

What area is the inferior frontal gyrus?

Answer 14

Area 44, 45 = Broca’s area of motor speech

Question 15

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 15

Cognitive functions of higher order - intellect, judgement, prediction, planning

Question 16

What is areas 3,1, 2 in the postcentral gyrus?

Answer 16

Primary sensory area

General sensations from contralateral half of body

Question 17

What is the role of the superior parietal lobule?

Answer 17

Interpretation of general sensory information and conscious awareness of contralateral half of body

Question 18

What is the role of the inferior parietal lobule?

Answer 18

Interface between somatosensory cortex and visual and auditory association areas
In dominant hemisphere - contributes to language functions

Question 19

What is areas 41,42 in the superior temporal gyrus?

Answer 19

Primary auditory cortex

Question 20

Where are the auditory association areas found?

Answer 20

Posterior to 41, 42 in dominant hemisphere (Wernick’es area)

Crucial for understanding of spoken word

Question 21

What is the role of the inferior surface of the temporal lobe?

Answer 21

Receives fibres from olfactory tract - conscious appreciation of smell

Question 22

What is area 17?

Answer 22

Primary visual cortex

Question 23

Where is the primary visual cortex?

Answer 23

Medial surface of the occipital lobe on either side of the calcarine sulcus

Question 24

What is areas 18,19?

Answer 24

Visual association cortex

Question 25

What is the limbic lobe involved in?

Answer 25

Memory | Emotional aspects of behaviour

Question 26

What makes up the limbic lobe?

Answer 26

Cingulate gyrus Hippocampus Parahippocampal gyrus Amygdala

Question 27

What is Broca's area?

Answer 27

Motor speech area

Question 28

What is Wernicke's area?

Answer 28

Auditory association area - necessary for recognition of spoken word (dominant hemisphere)

Question 29

What is aphasia?

Answer 29

Problem with speech due to damage to one or more speech areas in the brain

Question 30

What occurs in Broca's aphasia?

Answer 30

``` Understands speech Misses small words Aware of difficulties in speech Frontal lobe damage Weakness/paralysis on one side of body ```

Question 31

What occurs in Wernicke's aphasia?

Answer 31

``` Fluent speech New meaningless words Can't understand speech Not aware of mistakes Temporal lobe damaged No paralysis ```

Question 32

What are commisural fibres?

Answer 32

Connect corresponding areas of the 2 hemispheres (corpus callosum)

Question 33

What are association fibres?

Answer 33

Connect 1 part of the cortex with another | May be short or long

Question 34

What are projection fibres?

Answer 34

Run between cerebral cortex and various subcortical centres | Pass through corona radiata and internal capsule

Question 35

Where is the internal capsule found?

Answer 35

Narrow area between thalamus and caudate nucleus medially and the lentiform nucleus laterally

Question 36

What is the basal ganglia made up of?

Answer 36

Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus

Question 37

What do the caudate nucleus and the putamen receive?

Answer 37

Input from motor cortex, premotor cortex and from thalamus | 'Input regions'

Question 38

What are the output regions?

Answer 38

Globus pallidus | Substantia nigra

Question 39

What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

Answer 39

Help to regulate initiation and termination of movements