Topography of the Brain Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four main lobes of the brain?
A
Frontal
Occipital
Temporal
Parietal
2
Q
What are the lobes of the cerebrum?
A
Frontal
Occipital
Parietal
Temporal
3
Q
What Brodman area is the premotor cortex?
A
Area 6
4
Q
What Brodman area is the frontal eye field?
A
Area 8
5
Q
What Brodman area is Broca’s area?
A
Areas 44 & 45
6
Q
What is Broca’s area involved in?
A
The mechanical formation of speech (the articulation)
7
Q
Which lobe of the brain is most rostral?
A
Frontal
8
Q
What does the frontal eye field do?
A
Co-ordinates eye movement
9
Q
Which lobe is the most caudal?
A
Occipital
10
Q
Which lobe is the most inferior?
A
Temporal
11
Q
Name the lobes and sulcus
A
12
Q
Which two cortexes are contained in the occipital lobe?
A
Primary visual cortex (17)
Visual association cortex
13
Q
Where is the premotor cortex located?
A
Area 6 of the frontal lobe
14
Q
Which two cortexes are contained in the temporal lobe?
A
Primary auditory cortex (41 & 42)
Auditory association cortex
15
Q
Where is grey matter contained?
A
In the cortex, most external
16
Q
Where are cell bodies located?
A
In grey matter, in Cortex
17
Q
Where forms white matter?
A
Axons
18
Q
Where is white matter located?
A
More internally
19
Q
What three fibres are within white matter?
A
Commissural fibres
Association fibres
Projection fibres
20
Q
What fibre is comprised in the corpus callosum?
A
Commissural fibres
21
Q
What is another name for the auditory association centre?
A
Wernicke’s
22
Q
What do commissural fibres connect?
A
Right and left hemispheres + functionally related structures
23
Q
What are examples of projection fibres?
A
Fornix, internal capsule
24
Q
What does the auditory association centre do?
A
Is involved in the comprehension of speech.
25
What are some examples of commissural fibres?
Corpus callosum, anterior commissures, hippocampal commissures
26
Where is the insula found?
It is grey matter hidden between the frontal and parietal lobes - deep to lateral sulcus
27
What do association fibres connect?
Interconnect cortical structures in ipsilateral hemisphere
28
What is the insula responsible for?
Desire, craving, addiction + neuropsychiatric disorders
29
What do projection fibres connect?
Cortical structures and subcortical structures
30
31
What is the basal ganglia?
Grey matter collections, lie deeply internal.
32
What is a collection of cell bodies located in the PNS called?
Ganglia
33
What is a collection of cell bodies in the CNS called?
Nucleus
34
35
What are the four parts of the corpus callosum?
Splenium (most caudal, in occipital cortices)
Body
Genu
Rostrum (frontal lobes)
36
37
What are the four parts of the internal capsule?
Anterior limb
Genu
Posterior limb
Retrolenticular
38
39
What tract goes through the Genu of the internal capsule?
Corticobulbular
Cortex to bulb (parts of brainstem)
40
What tract runs through the anterior limb of the internal capsule?
Frontopontine + Thalamocortical
41
What tract runs through the posterior limb of the internal capsule?
Corticospinal (voluntary motor) + thalmocortical
42
What is the corpus callosum?
Connecting white matter tracts (commissural fibres) between the hemispheres (R&L)
43
What is the Fornix?
Projection fibres (up and down) between mammillary bodies and hippocampus
Part of the limbic system
44
Where are mammillary bodies?
They are round bodies on the underside of the brain.
45
What do mammillary bodies do?
Are utilised for memory (recollective).
46
What does the retrolenticular segment of the internal capsule contain?
Geniculate nuclei and sensory cortices
47
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
Regulate motor output + motor learning
48
What are the key components of the basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus - externus and internus
Nucleus accumbens
Substantia nigra - pars compacta and pars reticulata
Subthalmic nucleus
49
How many key components does the basal ganglia have?
6
50
What are the Putamen and Globus pallidus collectively referred as?
Lentiform nucleus
51
What are the Caudate nucleus and the Putamen collectively referred as?
Striatum
52
What are the Striatum and the Lentiform nucleus collectively referred as?
Corpus striatum
53
54
What are the two pathways of the basal ganglia?
Direct
Indirect
55
What is the direct pathway of the basal ganglia?
Excitatory + of motor output
56
What is the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia?
Inhibitory + of motor output
57
Where do impulses originate, before axons are sent to synapses in the basal ganglia?
Motor cortex
58
After an impulse is sent from the motor cortex to the synapses in the basal ganglia, before returning to the motor cortex, where do they need to pass through?
Thalamus
59
What is the anastomoses of the brain?
Circle of Willis/circulus arteriosis
60
How many vessels supply the brain?
2 paired vessels
61
What vessels supply the brain?
Internal carotid arteries (R+L) from Anterior/Internal Carotid circulatory system
Vertebral arteries (R+L) from Posterior/vertebrobasilar circulatory system
62
Which branches come directly off the Circle of Willis?
Anterior perforating arteries
Posterior perforating arteries
63
Where does the anterior perforating arteries supply?
Optic chiasm
Basal ganglia
Internal capsule
Hypothalamus
64
Where does the posterior perforating arteries supply?
Ventral midbrain
Subthalamus
Hypothalamus
65
What does the left and right common carotid arteries bifurcate into?
Internal and external carotid arteries
66
Where does the external carotid artery supply?
Structures in the face and neck
67
What two main arteries come from the internal carotid artery?
Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
Middler cerebral artery (MCA)
68
Where does the ACA supply?
Medial frontal and parietal lobes
69
Where does the MCA supply?
Lateral frontal, parietal and temporal lobas + insula
70
Which artery anastomoses with the ACA?
Anterior communicating artery
71
Which artery anastomoses with the MCA and the Posterior cerebral artery?
Posterior communicating artery
72
How many arteries branch off the internal carotid arteries?
7
73
What are the arteries that branch off the internal carotid arteries?
ACA
MCA
Anterior communicating artery
Posterior communicating artery
Ophthalmic artery
Anterior choroidal artery
Hypophyseal artery
74
Where does the ophthalmic artery supply blood to?
Orbit, frontal PNS, ethmoidal PNS, frontal scalp
75
Where does the anterior choroidal artery supply blood to?
Optic tract, choroid plexus (lateral ventricle), hippocampus, internal capsule + globus pallidus
76
Where does the hypophyseal artery supply blood to?
Neurohypophysis
77
78
79
Which structure do the vertebral arteries come from?
Subclavian artery
80
At what point in the skull, do the vertebral arteries enter?
Foramen magnum
81
Where do the L+R vertebral arteries join?
At the pontomedullary junction
82
What do the L+R vertebral arteries join to become?
Basilar artery
83
What does the spinal cord become, as it passes through the foramen magnum?
Medulla oblongata
84
What is the main terminal branch of the basilar artery?
Posterior Cerebral artery
85
Where does the PCA supply?
Occipital lobe + medial temporal lobe
86
Which arteries branch off the vertebral arteries?
Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
87
Where do the anterior and posterior spinal arteries supply?
Spinal cord
88
Where does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?
Cerebellum
89
Which arteries branch off the basilar artery?
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Labyrinthine artery
Superior cerebellar artery
Posterior cerebral artery
90
Where does the anterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?
Cerebellum
91
Where does the labyrinthine artery supply?
Inner ear
92
Where does the superior cerebellar artery supply?
Cerebellum
93
94
95
What does the hippocampus do & where is it?
Learning & memory
Located deep in temporal lobe
96
What does the frontal lobe contain?
Pre-central gyrus (primary motor cortex - area 4)
Pre-central sulcus
97
What is another name for the pre-central gyrus?
Primary motor cortex
98
What does the primary motor cortex control?
Voluntary movement
99
What does the frontal lobe control?
Voluntary movement
Personality
Higher executive functions
100
What is the central sulcus?
The sulcus which separates the frontal and parietal lobes.
101
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
Somatosensory perception - pain, touch, sensation
102
What does the lateral sulcus do?
Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal & parietal lobes.
103
What is the difference between a sulcus and a fissure?
Sulcus = depression between gyri
Fissure = separation between parts of the brain
104
What do you find folded in the main fissures?
Dura = e.g. falx cerebri
105
What does the transverse fissure do?
Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
106
What does the longitudinal fissure do?
Separates the right and left hemispheres
107
What is the representation of the human body across a gyrus called?
Homunculus
108
Why is the homunculus important clinically?
It can help you determine which vessel is occluded if you can correlate the motor deficiencies to the vessel in that area of the homunculus.
109
Which Brodman area is the premotor cortex?
Area 6
110
Which Brodman area is the frontal eye field?
Area 8
111
Which Brodman area is Broca's area?
Area 44 & 45
112
Which Brodman area is the primary visual cortex?
Area 17
113
Which Brodman area is the primary auditory cortex?
Area 41
114
Which Brodman area is the pre-central gyrus?
Area 4
115
Which Brodman area is the post-central gyrus?
Areas 1-3
116
Where is the cingulate gyrus found?
Above the corpus callosum
117
What is the sulcus above the cingulate gyrus called?
The cingulate sulcus
118
What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?
Forms part of the limbic system
119
What is the function of the cingulate sulcus?
Separates the cingulate gyrus from the frontal lobe.
120
What is the function of the parietooccipital sulcus?
Separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe.
121
Which sulcus is in the occipital lobe?
Calcarine sulcus
122
What does the calcarine sulcus do?
Is the location of the primary visual cortex
123
What does the uncus contain?
Primary olfactory cortex
124
In which lobe is the uncus found?
In the temporal lobe
125
Where is the parahippocampal gyrus found?
It surrounds the hippocampus.
126
What does the parahippocampal gyrus do?
Spatial memory, navigation & negative emotion response
127
What is found within the uncus?
Amygdala
128
What does the Amygdala control?
Strong emotions - fear, anger, pleasure.
129
130
131
132
Identify the following:
Cerebrum:
1. Central sulcus
2. Longitudinal fissure – falx cerebri
3. Lateral sulcus/fissure “Sylvian fissure!
4. Transverse fissure – tentorium cerebelli
5. Pre-central gyrus “primary motor cortex”
6. Pre-central sulcus
7. Post-central gyrus “primary somatosensory cortex”
8. Post-central sulcus
9. Parieto-occipital sulcus
10. Pituitary infundibulum
11. Corpus callosum
12. CN I Olfactory bulb, olfactory tract
13. CN II Optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract
14. Pineal gland
15. Mammillary bodies
16. Temporal uncus
17. Temporal parahippocampal gyrus
Cerebellum:
1. Primary fissure
2. Cerebellar peduncles – superior (midbrain), middle (pons), inferior (medulla oblongata)
133
What is found in the longitudinal fissure?
Falx cerebri
134
What is found in the transverse fissure?
Tentorium cerebelli
135
Which area of the brain is found in the pre-central gyrus?
Primary motor cortex
136
Which area of the brain is found in the post-central gyrus?
Primary somatosensory cortex
137
137
138
Identify:
1. Anterior/internal carotid system:
a. Internal carotid arteries right and left
b. Middle cerebral artery MCA
c. Anterior cerebral artery ACA
d. Anterior communicating artery ACommA
e. Anterior choroidal artery
f. Posterior communicating artery PCommA
2. Posterior/vertebrobasilar system:
a. Vertebral arteries right and left
b. Basilar artery
c. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery PICA
d. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery AICA
e. Superior cerebellar artery SCA
f. Posterior cerebral artery PCA
g. Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
139
* Identify the main internal structures of the brain
1. Cerebral cortex
2. Corpus callosum
3. Fornix
4. Thalamus
5. Interthalamic adhesion
6. Hypothalamus
7. Pituitary infundibulum
8. Pineal gland
9. Mammillary bodies
10. Superior and inferior colliculi
11. Midbrain
12. Pons
13. Medulla oblongata
140
Identify
Midbrain
- Superior and inferior colliculi
- CN III
- CN IV
Pons
- CN V
- CN VI
- CN VII (facial nerve proper and nervus intermedium)
- CN VIII
Medulla oblongata
- Olives
- Decussation
- Medullary pyramids
- CN IX
- CN X
- CN XII
141
Identify:
Anterior/internal carotid system:
a. Internal carotid arteries right and left
b. Middle cerebral artery MCA
c. Anterior cerebral artery ACA
d. Anterior communicating artery ACommA
e. Anterior choroidal artery
f. Posterior communicating artery PCommA
Posterior/vertebrobasilar system:
a. Vertebral arteries right and left
b. Basilar artery
c. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery PICA
d. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery AICA
e. Superior cerebellar artery SCA
f. Posterior cerebral artery PCA
g. Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
142
Identify:
1. Cerebral cortex
2. Corpus callosum
3. Fornix
4. Thalamus
5. Interthalamic adhesion
6. Hypothalamus
7. Pituitary infundibulum
8. Pineal gland
9. Mammillary bodies
10. Superior and inferior colliculi
11. Midbrain
12. Pons
13. Medulla oblongata
143
144
145
146
What is an extradural bleed?
Between the bone and dura mater
147
What is a subdural bleed?
Between the dura and arachnoid mater
148
What is a subarachnoid bleed?
Between the arachnoid and Pia mater
149
What is an intra-cerebral bleed?
Within the cerebral cortex
150
What shape does a extradural haematoma look like on CT?
What shape does a subdural haematoma look like on CT?
Orange
Subdural = banana
151
152
