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NSB Anatomy > Topography of the Brain > Flashcards

Topography of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal
Occipital
Temporal
Parietal

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2
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal
Occipital
Parietal
Temporal

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3
Q

What Brodman area is the premotor cortex?

A

Area 6

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4
Q

What Brodman area is the frontal eye field?

A

Area 8

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5
Q

What Brodman area is Broca’s area?

A

Areas 44 & 45

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6
Q

What is Broca’s area involved in?

A

The mechanical formation of speech (the articulation)

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7
Q

Which lobe of the brain is most rostral?

A

Frontal

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8
Q

What does the frontal eye field do?

A

Co-ordinates eye movement

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9
Q

Which lobe is the most caudal?

A

Occipital

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10
Q

Which lobe is the most inferior?

A

Temporal

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11
Q

Name the lobes and sulcus

A
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12
Q

Which two cortexes are contained in the occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual cortex (17)
Visual association cortex

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13
Q

Where is the premotor cortex located?

A

Area 6 of the frontal lobe

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14
Q

Which two cortexes are contained in the temporal lobe?

A

Primary auditory cortex (41 & 42)
Auditory association cortex

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15
Q

Where is grey matter contained?

A

In the cortex, most external

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16
Q

Where are cell bodies located?

A

In grey matter, in Cortex

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17
Q

Where forms white matter?

A

Axons

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18
Q

Where is white matter located?

A

More internally

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19
Q

What three fibres are within white matter?

A

Commissural fibres
Association fibres
Projection fibres

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20
Q

What fibre is comprised in the corpus callosum?

A

Commissural fibres

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21
Q

What is another name for the auditory association centre?

A

Wernicke’s

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22
Q

What do commissural fibres connect?

A

Right and left hemispheres + functionally related structures

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23
Q

What are examples of projection fibres?

A

Fornix, internal capsule

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24
Q

What does the auditory association centre do?

A

Is involved in the comprehension of speech.

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25
Q

What are some examples of commissural fibres?

A

Corpus callosum, anterior commissures, hippocampal commissures

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26
Q

Where is the insula found?

A

It is grey matter hidden between the frontal and parietal lobes - deep to lateral sulcus

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27
Q

What do association fibres connect?

A

Interconnect cortical structures in ipsilateral hemisphere

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28
Q

What is the insula responsible for?

A

Desire, craving, addiction + neuropsychiatric disorders

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29
Q

What do projection fibres connect?

A

Cortical structures and subcortical structures

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30
Q
A
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31
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Grey matter collections, lie deeply internal.

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32
Q

What is a collection of cell bodies located in the PNS called?

A

Ganglia

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33
Q

What is a collection of cell bodies in the CNS called?

A

Nucleus

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34
Q
A
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35
Q

What are the four parts of the corpus callosum?

A

Splenium (most caudal, in occipital cortices)
Body
Genu
Rostrum (frontal lobes)

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36
Q
A
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37
Q

What are the four parts of the internal capsule?

A

Anterior limb
Genu
Posterior limb
Retrolenticular

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38
Q
A
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39
Q

What tract goes through the Genu of the internal capsule?

A

Corticobulbular
Cortex to bulb (parts of brainstem)

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40
Q

What tract runs through the anterior limb of the internal capsule?

A

Frontopontine + Thalamocortical

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41
Q

What tract runs through the posterior limb of the internal capsule?

A

Corticospinal (voluntary motor) + thalmocortical

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42
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Connecting white matter tracts (commissural fibres) between the hemispheres (R&L)

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43
Q

What is the Fornix?

A

Projection fibres (up and down) between mammillary bodies and hippocampus

Part of the limbic system

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44
Q

Where are mammillary bodies?

A

They are round bodies on the underside of the brain.

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45
Q

What do mammillary bodies do?

A

Are utilised for memory (recollective).

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46
Q

What does the retrolenticular segment of the internal capsule contain?

A

Geniculate nuclei and sensory cortices

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47
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Regulate motor output + motor learning

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48
Q

What are the key components of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus - externus and internus
Nucleus accumbens
Substantia nigra - pars compacta and pars reticulata
Subthalmic nucleus

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49
Q

How many key components does the basal ganglia have?

A

6

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50
Q

What are the Putamen and Globus pallidus collectively referred as?

A

Lentiform nucleus

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51
Q

What are the Caudate nucleus and the Putamen collectively referred as?

A

Striatum

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52
Q

What are the Striatum and the Lentiform nucleus collectively referred as?

A

Corpus striatum

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53
Q
A
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54
Q

What are the two pathways of the basal ganglia?

A

Direct
Indirect

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55
Q

What is the direct pathway of the basal ganglia?

A

Excitatory + of motor output

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56
Q

What is the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia?

A

Inhibitory + of motor output

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57
Q

Where do impulses originate, before axons are sent to synapses in the basal ganglia?

A

Motor cortex

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58
Q

After an impulse is sent from the motor cortex to the synapses in the basal ganglia, before returning to the motor cortex, where do they need to pass through?

A

Thalamus

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59
Q

What is the anastomoses of the brain?

A

Circle of Willis/circulus arteriosis

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60
Q

How many vessels supply the brain?

A

2 paired vessels

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61
Q

What vessels supply the brain?

A

Internal carotid arteries (R+L) from Anterior/Internal Carotid circulatory system
Vertebral arteries (R+L) from Posterior/vertebrobasilar circulatory system

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62
Q

Which branches come directly off the Circle of Willis?

A

Anterior perforating arteries
Posterior perforating arteries

63
Q

Where does the anterior perforating arteries supply?

A

Optic chiasm
Basal ganglia
Internal capsule
Hypothalamus

64
Q

Where does the posterior perforating arteries supply?

A

Ventral midbrain
Subthalamus
Hypothalamus

65
Q

What does the left and right common carotid arteries bifurcate into?

A

Internal and external carotid arteries

66
Q

Where does the external carotid artery supply?

A

Structures in the face and neck

67
Q

What two main arteries come from the internal carotid artery?

A

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
Middler cerebral artery (MCA)

68
Q

Where does the ACA supply?

A

Medial frontal and parietal lobes

69
Q

Where does the MCA supply?

A

Lateral frontal, parietal and temporal lobas + insula

70
Q

Which artery anastomoses with the ACA?

A

Anterior communicating artery

71
Q

Which artery anastomoses with the MCA and the Posterior cerebral artery?

A

Posterior communicating artery

72
Q

How many arteries branch off the internal carotid arteries?

A

7

73
Q

What are the arteries that branch off the internal carotid arteries?

A

ACA
MCA
Anterior communicating artery
Posterior communicating artery
Ophthalmic artery
Anterior choroidal artery
Hypophyseal artery

74
Q

Where does the ophthalmic artery supply blood to?

A

Orbit, frontal PNS, ethmoidal PNS, frontal scalp

75
Q

Where does the anterior choroidal artery supply blood to?

A

Optic tract, choroid plexus (lateral ventricle), hippocampus, internal capsule + globus pallidus

76
Q

Where does the hypophyseal artery supply blood to?

A

Neurohypophysis

77
Q
A
78
Q
A
79
Q

Which structure do the vertebral arteries come from?

A

Subclavian artery

80
Q

At what point in the skull, do the vertebral arteries enter?

A

Foramen magnum

81
Q

Where do the L+R vertebral arteries join?

A

At the pontomedullary junction

82
Q

What do the L+R vertebral arteries join to become?

A

Basilar artery

83
Q

What does the spinal cord become, as it passes through the foramen magnum?

A

Medulla oblongata

84
Q

What is the main terminal branch of the basilar artery?

A

Posterior Cerebral artery

85
Q

Where does the PCA supply?

A

Occipital lobe + medial temporal lobe

86
Q

Which arteries branch off the vertebral arteries?

A

Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

87
Q

Where do the anterior and posterior spinal arteries supply?

A

Spinal cord

88
Q

Where does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?

A

Cerebellum

89
Q

Which arteries branch off the basilar artery?

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Labyrinthine artery
Superior cerebellar artery
Posterior cerebral artery

90
Q

Where does the anterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?

A

Cerebellum

91
Q

Where does the labyrinthine artery supply?

A

Inner ear

92
Q

Where does the superior cerebellar artery supply?

A

Cerebellum

93
Q
A
94
Q
A
95
Q

What does the hippocampus do & where is it?

A

Learning & memory
Located deep in temporal lobe

96
Q

What does the frontal lobe contain?

A

Pre-central gyrus (primary motor cortex - area 4)

Pre-central sulcus

97
Q

What is another name for the pre-central gyrus?

A

Primary motor cortex

98
Q

What does the primary motor cortex control?

A

Voluntary movement

99
Q

What does the frontal lobe control?

A

Voluntary movement
Personality
Higher executive functions

100
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

The sulcus which separates the frontal and parietal lobes.

101
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Somatosensory perception - pain, touch, sensation

102
Q

What does the lateral sulcus do?

A

Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal & parietal lobes.

103
Q

What is the difference between a sulcus and a fissure?

A

Sulcus = depression between gyri

Fissure = separation between parts of the brain

104
Q

What do you find folded in the main fissures?

A

Dura = e.g. falx cerebri

105
Q

What does the transverse fissure do?

A

Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

106
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure do?

A

Separates the right and left hemispheres

107
Q

What is the representation of the human body across a gyrus called?

A

Homunculus

108
Q

Why is the homunculus important clinically?

A

It can help you determine which vessel is occluded if you can correlate the motor deficiencies to the vessel in that area of the homunculus.

109
Q

Which Brodman area is the premotor cortex?

A

Area 6

110
Q

Which Brodman area is the frontal eye field?

A

Area 8

111
Q

Which Brodman area is Broca’s area?

A

Area 44 & 45

112
Q

Which Brodman area is the primary visual cortex?

A

Area 17

113
Q

Which Brodman area is the primary auditory cortex?

A

Area 41

114
Q

Which Brodman area is the pre-central gyrus?

A

Area 4

115
Q

Which Brodman area is the post-central gyrus?

A

Areas 1-3

116
Q

Where is the cingulate gyrus found?

A

Above the corpus callosum

117
Q

What is the sulcus above the cingulate gyrus called?

A

The cingulate sulcus

118
Q

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?

A

Forms part of the limbic system

119
Q

What is the function of the cingulate sulcus?

A

Separates the cingulate gyrus from the frontal lobe.

120
Q

What is the function of the parietooccipital sulcus?

A

Separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe.

121
Q

Which sulcus is in the occipital lobe?

A

Calcarine sulcus

122
Q

What does the calcarine sulcus do?

A

Is the location of the primary visual cortex

123
Q

What does the uncus contain?

A

Primary olfactory cortex

124
Q

In which lobe is the uncus found?

A

In the temporal lobe

125
Q

Where is the parahippocampal gyrus found?

A

It surrounds the hippocampus.

126
Q

What does the parahippocampal gyrus do?

A

Spatial memory, navigation & negative emotion response

127
Q

What is found within the uncus?

A

Amygdala

128
Q

What does the Amygdala control?

A

Strong emotions - fear, anger, pleasure.

129
Q
A
130
Q
A
131
Q
A
132
Q

Identify the following:

Cerebrum:

  1. Central sulcus
  2. Longitudinal fissure – falx cerebri
  3. Lateral sulcus/fissure “Sylvian fissure!
  4. Transverse fissure – tentorium cerebelli
  5. Pre-central gyrus “primary motor cortex”
  6. Pre-central sulcus
  7. Post-central gyrus “primary somatosensory cortex”
  8. Post-central sulcus
  9. Parieto-occipital sulcus
  10. Pituitary infundibulum
  11. Corpus callosum
  12. CN I Olfactory bulb, olfactory tract
  13. CN II Optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract
  14. Pineal gland
  15. Mammillary bodies
  16. Temporal uncus
  17. Temporal parahippocampal gyrus

Cerebellum:

  1. Primary fissure
  2. Cerebellar peduncles – superior (midbrain), middle (pons), inferior (medulla oblongata)
A
133
Q

What is found in the longitudinal fissure?

A

Falx cerebri

134
Q

What is found in the transverse fissure?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

135
Q

Which area of the brain is found in the pre-central gyrus?

A

Primary motor cortex

136
Q

Which area of the brain is found in the post-central gyrus?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

137
Q
A
137
Q
A
138
Q

Identify:

  1. Anterior/internal carotid system:
    a. Internal carotid arteries right and left
    b. Middle cerebral artery MCA
    c. Anterior cerebral artery ACA
    d. Anterior communicating artery ACommA
    e. Anterior choroidal artery
    f. Posterior communicating artery PCommA
  2. Posterior/vertebrobasilar system:
    a. Vertebral arteries right and left
    b. Basilar artery
    c. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery PICA
    d. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery AICA
    e. Superior cerebellar artery SCA
    f. Posterior cerebral artery PCA
    g. Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
A
139
Q
  • Identify the main internal structures of the brain
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Corpus callosum
  3. Fornix
  4. Thalamus
  5. Interthalamic adhesion
  6. Hypothalamus
  7. Pituitary infundibulum
  8. Pineal gland
  9. Mammillary bodies
  10. Superior and inferior colliculi
  11. Midbrain
  12. Pons
  13. Medulla oblongata
A
140
Q

Identify

Midbrain
- Superior and inferior colliculi
- CN III
- CN IV

Pons
- CN V
- CN VI
- CN VII (facial nerve proper and nervus intermedium)
- CN VIII

Medulla oblongata
- Olives
- Decussation
- Medullary pyramids
- CN IX
- CN X
- CN XII

A
141
Q

Identify:

Anterior/internal carotid system:
a. Internal carotid arteries right and left
b. Middle cerebral artery MCA
c. Anterior cerebral artery ACA
d. Anterior communicating artery ACommA
e. Anterior choroidal artery
f. Posterior communicating artery PCommA

Posterior/vertebrobasilar system:
a. Vertebral arteries right and left
b. Basilar artery
c. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery PICA
d. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery AICA
e. Superior cerebellar artery SCA
f. Posterior cerebral artery PCA
g. Anterior and posterior spinal arteries

A
142
Q

Identify:

  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Corpus callosum
  3. Fornix
  4. Thalamus
  5. Interthalamic adhesion
  6. Hypothalamus
  7. Pituitary infundibulum
  8. Pineal gland
  9. Mammillary bodies
  10. Superior and inferior colliculi
  11. Midbrain
  12. Pons
  13. Medulla oblongata
A
143
Q
A
144
Q
A
145
Q
A
146
Q

What is an extradural bleed?

A

Between the bone and dura mater

147
Q

What is a subdural bleed?

A

Between the dura and arachnoid mater

148
Q

What is a subarachnoid bleed?

A

Between the arachnoid and Pia mater

149
Q

What is an intra-cerebral bleed?

A

Within the cerebral cortex

150
Q

What shape does a extradural haematoma look like on CT?
What shape does a subdural haematoma look like on CT?

A

Orange

Subdural = banana

151
Q
A
152
Q
A

NSB Anatomy (6 decks)

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