Face, Temporal & Infratemporal Fossa Flashcards
1
Q
Which two nerves are involved with sensory and motor innervation of the face?
A
Trigeminal (V)
Facial (VII)
2
Q
What are the borders of the face?
A
Superciliary arch (superior)
Inferior border of mandible (inferior)
Tragus of ears (laterally)
3
Q
From which embryological arch do the muscles of the face arise from?
A
2nd (pharyngeal) arch
4
Q
Which muscle lies between the superciliary arch and the occipital protuberance?
A
Occipitalfrontalis
5
Q
Muscles from the 2nd pharyngeal arch are innervated by which cranial nerve?
A
VII - Facial nerve
6
Q
What is the name of the ridge above the eyebrows?
A
Superciliary arch
7
Q
Which 2 muscles form the orbital group of muscles in the face?
A
Orbicularis oculi
Corrugator supercilli
8
Q
What are the two parts of the orbicularis oculi?
A
Palpebral part
Orbital part
9
Q
What is the muscle that lies in the eyebrow called?
A
Corrugator supercilli
10
Q
A
11
Q
Which three muscles form the nasal group of muscles in the face?
A
Nasalis
Procerus
Depressor septi
12
Q
What are the two parts of the nasalis muscle?
A
Transverse & Alar parts
13
Q
Which two muscles make up the oral group?
A
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
14
Q
Which muscle surrounds the mouth?
A
Obicularis oris
14
Q
A
15
Q
Which is the main muscle of the cheek?
A
Buccinator
16
Q
Which muscles make up the upper oral group?
A
Levator anguli oris
Levator labii superioris
Levator labii superiors alaeque nasi
Risorius
Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor
17
Q
Which muscles make up the lower oral group of facial muscles?
A
Depressor anguli oris
Depressor labii inferiorus
Mentalis
18
Q
Which is the main muscle of the chin?
A
Mentalis
19
Q
Which is the muscle that connects lower jaw to clavicle region? (It gives you the horse face when clenched)
A
Platysma
20
Q
How is the occipitofrontalis muscle divided?
A
Frontal belly
Aponeurosis
Occipital belly
21
Q
What subdivisions of the auricular muscles are there?
A
Anterior, superior & posterior
22
Q
A
23
Q
What are the layers of the scalp?
A
Skin
dense Connective tissue
Aponeurosis (epicranium)
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium / Periosteum
= SCALP
24
Why does the scalp bleed a lot?
Because it is under a lot of tension & has good vascular supply.
25
Why does a scalp injury carry an increased risk of infection?
Because it communicates through the skull into the brain - can cause intracranium infection.
26
What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve - and what type of innervation do they supply? (Sensory/Motor/Both)
V1 - Ophthalmic - sensory
V2 - Maxillary - sensory
V3 - Mandibular - both
27
Which embryological arch do muscles of facial expression arise from and what does this mean re innervation?
Arise from second pharyngeal arch - means that they are innervated by VII.
28
Which arch does sensory innervation of superficial face arise from? Which cranial nerve control this?
1st pharyngeal arch - trigeminal nerve (V).
29
Which opening does V1 (opthalmic) travel through?
Superior orbital fissure
30
Which opening does V2 (Maxillary) travel through?
Foramen rotundum
31
Which opening does V3 (Mandibular) travel through?
Foramen ovale
32
Which part of the trigeminal nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?
Mandibular
33
Which part of the face is innervated by the ophthalmic nerve (V1)?
What type of sensation does it supply?
Rostral scalp to tip of nose
Sensory
34
How many branches of V1 are there?
5
35
How many branches of V2 (maxillary) are there?
3
36
Which part of the face is innervated by the V2 (maxillary nerve)?
What type of sensation does it supply?
Lateral orbital area to angle of mouth
Sensory
37
Which part of the face is innervated by the V3 (mandibular nerve)?
What type of sensation does it supply?
Rest of face except angle of mandible. Supplies sensory and motor (mastication).
Auriculotemporal nerve
Buccal
Mental
(all sensory)
Pterygoid (medial and lateral)
Masseteric
Deep temporal
(all motor)
38
How many branches of V3 are there?
6
39
What does the facial nerve divide into before the parotid?
Facial nerve proper &
Nervus intermedius
40
Which bone of the skull does the facial nerve travel in?
The petrous part of the temporal bone
41
Through which orifice does the facial nerve leave the temporal bone?
Stylomastoid foramen
42
Which nerve branches come off the facial bone once it has exited the stylomastoid foramen?
Posterior auricular
Posterior belly digastric
Stylohyoid
43
What is the name of the nerve that enters the parotid?
The trunk of the facial nerve
44
What happens to the facial nerve once inside the parotid?
It divides into 5 branches
45
What are the names of the 5 branches of the facial nerve that arise in the parotid gland?
Two Zebras Buggered My Cat
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical branch
46
What is the clinical implication of receiving a wound to the parotid?
The innervation to facial muscles can be lost.
47
Which areas of the face does the temporal branch of the facial nerve supply?
Temple, forehead & supraorbital area
48
Which areas of the face does the zygomatic branch of VII supply?
Infraorbital, lateral nasal, upper lip areas
49
Which areas of the face does the buccal branch of VII supply?
Cheek, upper lip & angle of mouth areas
50
Which areas of the face does the marginal mandibular branch of VII supply?
Lower lip & chin areas
51
Which areas of the face does the cervical branch of VII supply?
Platysma
52
How can you identify the buccal branch of VII in the face?
It travels with the parotid duct, making it easier to identify
53
54
What are the three salivary glands?
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
55
Which is the largest salivary gland?
Parotid
56
What is the parotid gland surrounded by?
Connective tissue capsule
57
Where does the parotid duct travel?
Horizontally across the masseter muscles, through the buccal fat pad & buccinator muscle, into the oral vestibule.
58
What is the difference between the oral vestibule and the oral cavity proper?
Oral vestibule = area in front of the teeth
Oral cavity proper = anything behind the teeth
59
How long is the parotid gland?
7cm
60
Name three structures that pass through the parotid gland
External carotid artery
Retromandibular vein
Facial nerve proper
61
In the parotid - which vessels branch off the external carotid artery?
Posterior auricular artery
Maxillary artery
Superficial temporal artery
62
In the parotid - which vessels join to form the retromandibular vein?
Superficial temporal vein
Maxillary vein
63
What does the common carotid artery bifurcate into?
The internal and external carotid.
64
Which of the carotid arteries supplies the face?
External carotid
65
Which of the carotid arteries supplies the brain?
Internal carotid
66
How does the parotid receive blood supply?
It is supplied from the arteries that pass through it.
67
Which nerve provides the parotid with sensory innervation?
Auriculotemporal nerve (from V3)
68
Which ganglion innervates the parotid with secretomotor innervation?
Otic ganglion (via CN IX)
69
Which nerve innervates the capsule of the parotid? (Parotid sheath)
Greater auricular nerve
70
What is the mnemonic for branches of the external carotid artery?
Sadistic Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students
71
What are the branches of the external carotid artery?
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharygneal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior Auricular
Maxillary
Superficial Temporal
72
Which artery supplies the superficial features of the face?
Facial artery
73
Which artery supplies the deep structures of the face?
Maxillary artery
74
Where does the maxillary artery arise?
In the infratemporal fossa
75
What are the branches of the maxillary artery?
Mental
Buccal
Infraorbital
76
Which artery anastomoses with the facial artery?
Maxillary artery
77
Which artery arises from the internal carotid artery to give some blood supply to the face?
Ophthalmic artery
78
Do veins in the head have valves? How does this impact blood flow?
No
Means there is bi-directional flow
79
How many jugular veins are in the head - and what are they called?
3
External
Internal
Anterior
80
Which veins form the retromandibular vein?
Superior temporal vein + maxillary vein
81
What does the retromandibular vein divide into?
Posterior retromandibular vein
Anterior retromandibular vein
82
Which artery joins the posterior retromandibular vein and what do they form?
Meets the posterior auricular vein
Together they form the external jugular vein
83
Where does the external jugular vein empty into?
Subclavian vein
84
Which vein joins the anterior retromandibular vein and what do they form?
Facial vein
Forms the internal jugular vein
85
Why are anastomoses in the cell between veins and sinuses important?
Means that the sinuses can become infected from the veins
86
What drains into the ophthalmic veins?
Nasal cavity & orbital veins
87
Name 3 intracranial venous connections
Ophthalmic veins
Infraorbital veins
Pterygoid plexus
88
Which muscles are linked to depression of the jaw?
GRAVITY!
+ Digastric, geniohyoid & mylohyoid muscles
89
Which muscles are linked to elevation of the jaw?
Temporalis, masseter & medial pterygoid
90
What is the movement of opening the mouth called?
Depression
91
What is the movement of closing the mouth called?
Elevation
92
What is lateral movement of the jaw?
Side to side
93
What is it called when you stick your jaw forward? And which muscles facilitate this?
Protrusion - lateral & medial pteryoid
94
Which is it called when you pull the jaw back? Which muscles facilitate this?
Retraction - temporalis, masseter, geniohyoid & digastric
95
How does the TMJ differ from other synovial joints?
It has fibrocartilage rather than hyaline
96
What type of joint is the TMJ?
Synovial
97
Which part of the jaw prevents anterior dislocation?
Articular tubercle of temporal bone
98
Name 3 extra capsular ligaments of the TMJ
Lateral ligament
Stylomandibular ligament
Sphenomandibular ligament
99
What is the purpose of the extra capsular ligaments?
Helps maintain the position of the mandible in relation to the articular fossa - therefore helps prevent excess movement
100
101
What are the four muscles responsible for the mastication?
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
102
Where is the temporalis muscle located?
In the temporal fossa
103
What is the innervation of the muscles for mastication?
V3 - mandibular nerve
104
Which muscle is this?
Masseter
105
What covers the temporalis muscle?
Temporal fascia
106
What is found in the temporal fossa?
Temporalis muscle
V2 branch = zygomaticotemporal branch
Deep temporal nerves - V3
Deep temporal arteries (from maxillary artery)
Middle temporal artery (from superficial temporal artery)
107
Where does the maxillary artery anastomose with the facial artery?
In the infratemporal fossa
108
Which ligament is found in the infratemporal fossa?
Sphenomandibular liagment
109
Which muscles are found in the infratemporal fossa?
Pterygoid muscles
110
Which artery is found in the infratemporal fossa?
Maxillary artery
111
Which nerves & ganglia are found in the infratemporal fossa?
Mandibular V3 - branches
Chorda tympani
Otic ganglion
CN IX
112
Which veins are found in the infratemporal fossa?
Pterygoid venous plexus
113
What carries taste sensation?
Chorda tympani
114
What provides secretomotor innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands?
Chorda tympani
115
Where does the maxillary artery arise from?
External carotid artery
116
How many branches does the maxillary artery divide into?
3
117
What are the three branches of the maxillary artery?
Branch 1: Middle meningeal artery & inferior alveolar artery
Branch 2: Deep temporal, masseteric, buccal & pterygoid branches
Branch 3: Posterior-superior alveolar, infraorbital, greater palatine & sphenopalatine
118
What is superior to the orbit?
Supraorbital margin
119
What supplies sensory innervation to upper eyelid and forehead?
Supraorbital nerve
120
Which foramen does the supraorbital nerve pass through?
Supraorbital foramen
121
What is the protuberance of the chin called?
Mental protuberance
122
Which foramen is present in the mental protuberance?
Mental foramen
123
124
What is the bridge of the nose called?
Nasion
125
What is the midline groove in the upper lip called?
Philtrum
126
What is the tragus of the ear?
Bit of cartilage that people pierce
127
Where does the parotid duct pass in relation to the zygomatic arch?
2cm inferiorly
128
What is anterior to the masseter muscle?
Buccal fat pad
129
130
131
What are the actions of the obicularis oculi muscle?
2 parts - orbital and palpebral
Orbital section - voluntary closure of the eye - closes eyelids tightly
Palpebral section - closes eyelids gently (deep part - squeezes lacrimal sac)
132
What is the function of the temporalis muscle?
Mastication - responsible for closing mouth and retraction
133
Which foramen does the inferior alveolar nerve pass through?
Mandibular foramen
134
What does the inferior alveolar nerve become when it exits from the mandibular canal?
Mental nerve
135
What type of innervation does the lingual nerve carry?
Sensation
136
What travels with the inferior alveolar nerve?
The inferior alveolar artery
137
Which foramen does the mandibular nerve emerge from?
Foramen ovale
138
139
Which foramina are present in the anterior cranial fossa?
Cribriform plate
140
Which nerves pass through the cribriform plate?
CN I - Olfactory
141
Which foramina are present in the middle cranial fossa?
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen rotundum
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
142
Which nerve passes through the optic canal?
CN II (Optic) & V1 (Ophthalmic)
143
Which nerves pas through the superior orbital fissure?
III, IV, V(1) and VI
3, 4, 5(1) & 6
144
Which nerves pass through the foramen rotundum?
CN V(2) - Maxillary
145
Which nerves pass through the foramen ovale?
CN V(3) - Mandibular
146
What passes through the foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery
147
What foramen are present in the posterior cranial fossa?
Internal Acoustic Meatus
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Foramen Magnum
148
What passes through the internal acoustic meatus?
CN VII & VIII (7&8)
149
What passes through the jugular foramen?
CN IX, X, XI & IJV
(9-11 and internal jugular vein)
150
What passes through the hypoglossal canal?
CN XII (12)
151
What passes through the foramen magnum
Spinal cord & vertebral arteries
152
Which muscles facilitate the closing of the jaw?
Medial pterygoid, Temporalis & Masseter
153
Which muscles facilitate opening the jaw?
Lateral pterygoid & small muscles below mandible + Gravity
154
Which is the largest muscle of mastication?
Temporalis
155
