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NSB Anatomy > Bones of the Skull > Flashcards

Bones of the Skull Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 compartments of the head?

A

Cranial cavity
Ears
Orbits
Nasal cavities
Oral cavity

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2
Q

What is the name of a hole in a bone in the skull?

A

Foramina

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3
Q

What reduces the weight of the skull?

A

Paranasal sinuses

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4
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

22 (excluding ear ossicles)

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5
Q

How are bones attached in the skull?

A

Via sutures

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6
Q

Which bone does not join via a suture in the skull?
How is it joined instead?

A

The mandible - via the temperomandibular joint.

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7
Q

What type of joint is the temperomandibular joint?

A

Synovial joint

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8
Q

Apart from the TMJ, where else are synovial joints found in the skull?

A

In the inner ear - malleus to incus AND incus to stapes

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9
Q

What are unossified gaps in infants called?

A

Fontanelles

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10
Q

What is the structure of bone in the skull?

A

Consists of two tables (external and internal) which are separated by diploe (spongy bone)

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11
Q

What is spongy bone in the skull called? What is its function?

A

Diploe - to lessen the weight of the skull.

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12
Q

How is the cranium divided?

A

Into neurocranium & viscerocranium.

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13
Q

What does the neurocranium contain?

A

Brain

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14
Q

What is the domed part of the cranium called?

A

Calvary - contains the brain.

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15
Q

What does the viscerocranium contain?

A

Viscera of sense organs (includes mandible).

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16
Q
A
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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Which bones make up the base of the cranium?

A

Occipital, sphenoid & temporal bones

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19
Q
A
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20
Q
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21
Q
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22
Q
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23
Q
A
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24
Q

What is the junction of the sagittal suture and coronal suture called?

A

Bregma

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25
Q

What is the junction of the sagittal suture with the lambdoid suture called?

A

Lambda

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26
Q

What is the junction between the parietal bone, frontal bone, temporal bone and sphenoid bone called?

A

Pterion

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27
Q

Why is the Pterion clinically important?

A

Lies adjacent to medial meningeal artery - if injury occurs extradural haemorrhage is common here.

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28
Q

What is the junction of the parietal, occipital & temporal bone called?

A

Asterion

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29
Q

What is CNI?

A

Olfactory Nerve

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30
Q

What is CNII?

A

Optic Nerve

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31
Q

What is CNIII?

A

Oculomotor Nerve

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32
Q

What is CN IV?

A

Trocholear Nerve

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33
Q

What is CN V?

A

Trigeminal Nerve

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34
Q

How many branches does the trigeminal nerve have?

A

3 - Ophthalmic, Maxillary & Mandibular

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35
Q

What is the CN V(1)?

A

Opthalmic nerve

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36
Q

What is CN V(2)?

A

Maxillary Nerve

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37
Q

What is CN V(3)?

A

Mandibular nerve

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38
Q

What is CN VI?

A

Abducens nerve

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39
Q

What is CN VII?

A

Facial nerve

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40
Q

What is CN VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

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41
Q

What is CN IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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42
Q

What is CN X?

A

Vagus nerve

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43
Q

What is CN XI?

A

Accessory nerve

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44
Q

What is CN XII?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

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45
Q

What is the mneumonic for whether cranial nerves are sensory or motor nerves?

A

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More

S - Somatic
M - Motor
B - Both

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46
Q

What is the mneumonic for the names of the cranial nerves?

A

Ooh Ooh Ooh To Touch A French Virgin Girl’s Vagina And Hymen

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47
Q

Where does the spinal cord pass through the skull to the brain?

A

Through the Foramen Magnum.

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48
Q

Which muscle attaches to the mastoid process?

A

The sternocleidomastoid muscle.

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49
Q

What is the pterygoid plate and what is its function?

A

Projections from the sphenoid bone - medially and laterally = Medial Pterygoid plate and Lateral Pterygoid plate.

Function = site for muscular attachment.

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50
Q
A
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51
Q

What is the floor of the cranial cavity divided into?

A

3 Fossa
- Anterior
- Middle
- Posterior

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52
Q

What is the Anterior Fossa comprised of?

A

Body & lesser wings of Sphenoid, ethmoid bone & floor of frontal bone.

(Sphenoid, Ethmoid & Frontal)

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53
Q

What is the Middle Fossa comprised of?

A

Sphenoid & Temporal bone

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54
Q

What is the Posterior Fossa comprised of?

A

Part of the occipital, temporal, sphenoid & parietal bone

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55
Q
A
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56
Q
A
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57
Q

Which part of the brain is in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal lobes

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58
Q

What does the falx cerebri attach to?

A

Frontal crest and crista galli

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59
Q

What does the foramen cecum do?

A

Allows venous drainage from nasal cavity into superior sagittal sinus

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60
Q

What does the cribriform plate do?

A

Contains olfactory foramina - allowing for passage of olfactory nerves (CN I) to the roof of the nasal cavity

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61
Q

Where does the tentorium cerebelli attach?

A

To the anterior crinoid processes.

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62
Q

What does the frontal crest turn into?

A

The Crista galli

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63
Q

What is special about the ethmoid bone?

A

It is perforated with foramen to allow olfactory nerve fibres to pass through.

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64
Q

Where are the cribriform plates?

A

Either side of the Crista Galli

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65
Q

What is special about the roof of the orbit?

A

It forms two bulges in the thin part of the frontal bone - located in the anterior cranial fossa.

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66
Q

What is the horizontal dura in the brain called?

A

The tentorium cerebelli

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67
Q

Where does the tentorium cerebelli attach in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

To the anterior clinoid process.

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68
Q
A
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69
Q

What is the dura called that divides the brain and where does it attach?

A

Falx cerebri

Attaches to the frontal crest

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70
Q

What is the dura called that divides the cerebellum?

A

Falx cerebelli

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71
Q
A
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72
Q

Which bones make up the middle cranial fossa?

A

Sphenoid & temporal bones

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73
Q

What are the boundaries of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Anterior edge of prechiasmatic sulcus
Anterior surface of petrous temporal bone

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74
Q

What part of the brain does the middle cranial fossa contain?

A

The temporal lobes

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75
Q

Where is the pituitary found?

A

In the sella turcica

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76
Q

What does the tentorium cerebelli attach to in the middle cranial fossa?

A

The posterior clinoid processes.

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77
Q

Which foramen is this?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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78
Q

Which nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?
Which vein also passes through?

A

III
IV
V(1)
VI

Ophthalmic vein

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79
Q

Which nerves pass through the foramen rotundum?

Where does it pass to?

A

V (2) - Maxillary nerve

Passes into pterygopalatine fossa

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80
Q

Which opening is this?

A

The foramen rotundum

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81
Q

Where is the foramen rotundum found?

A

Just below the superior orbital fissure.

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82
Q

Which opening is this?

A

Foramen ovale

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83
Q

What nerves pass through the foramen ovale?

Where do they go to?

A

V(3) & lesser petrosal nerve

The infratemporal fossa

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84
Q

Which opening is this?

A

Foramen spinosum

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85
Q

What passes through the foramen spinosum and where does it travel to?

A

Middle meningeal artery

Passes from Infratemporal fossa into cranium.

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86
Q

Which is the middle meningeal artery in the infratemporal fossa an important site clinically?

A

Because if injured here it can produce intracranial haemorrhage.

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87
Q

Which opening is this?

A

Foramen lacerum

88
Q

What passes through the foramen lacerum?

A

Nothing passes through the foramen lacerum - is covered with cartilaginous plug.

89
Q

Which opening is this?

A

The carotid canal

90
Q

What passes through the carotid canal?

A

The internal carotid artery and nerve plexus - they enter the cranium through this canal.

91
Q

What is this?
Which bone is this located in?

A

The trigeminal impression

The anterior part of the petrous temporal bone.

92
Q

What is the purpose of the trigeminal impression?

A

Is where the trigeminal nerve sensory ganglia is located.

93
Q
A
94
Q

What is the posterior cranial fossa comprised of?

A

Parts of temporal & occipital + small part of sphenoid & parietal.

95
Q

Which is the largest and deepest cranial fossa?

A

Posterior cranial fossa.

96
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Dorsal sellae & cloves
Superior part of petrous temporal bone
Squamous occipital bone to transverse groove

97
Q

What does the posterior cranial fossa contain?

A

The brainstem and the cerebellum

98
Q

What is the largest opening in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Foramen magnum

99
Q

What travels through the foramen magnum?

A

Spinal cord exits from brainstem
Vertebral arteries enter
CN XI enters

100
Q

What runs in the transverse groove of the clivus?

A

Transverse sinus

101
Q

What runs through the jugular foramen?

A

Inferior petrosal sinus - to IJV
Sigmoid sinus - IJV
Nerves IX, X & XI

102
Q

What runs in the hypoglossal canal?

A

The hypoglossal nerve
Ascending pharyngeal artery (meningeal branch)

103
Q

What is this opening?

A

Jugular foramen

104
Q

What is this?

A

Jugular tubercle

105
Q

What is this?

A

Hypoglossal canal

106
Q

What is this?

A

Internal Acoustic Meatus

107
Q

Which nerves run in the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN VII & VIII

108
Q

In which bone is the internal acoustic meatus located?

A

Within the petrous temporal bone

109
Q

What is 6 in this picture?

A

External acoustic meatus

110
Q

What is number 10 on this picture?

A

Foramen magnum

111
Q

What is number 47 on this picture?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

112
Q

What travels through the stylomastoid foramen

A

CN VII

113
Q

What is number 3 on this picture?

A

Carotid canal

114
Q

What travels through the carotid canal?

A

The internal carotid artery

115
Q

What is number 20 on this picture?

A

Jugular foramen

116
Q

What travels through the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX, X & XI
Internal jugular vein

117
Q

What is number 9 on this picture?

A

Foramen lacerum

118
Q

What travels through the foramen lacerum?

A

Nothing - cartilaginous

119
Q

What is number 11 on this picture?

A

Foramen Ovale

120
Q

What travels through the foramen ovale?

A

CN V(3)

121
Q

What is number 12 on this picture?

A

Foramen spinosum

122
Q

What travels through the foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery

123
Q

Which openings do the three branches of the trigeminal nerve pass through?

A

V1 - Ophthalmic - through superior orbital fissure

V2 - Maxillary - through foramen rotundum

V3 - Mandibular - through foramen ovale

124
Q

How many pairs of paranasal sinuses are there?

A

4

125
Q

What are the apertures called that communicate between the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity?

A

Ostia

126
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Reduce weight of skull
  • Warming & humidifying inspired air
  • Allow enlargement of skull with minimal bone mass
127
Q

What are paranasal sinuses lined with?

A

Respiratory mucus membrane

128
Q

Why are paranasal sinuses clinically important?

A

They are vulnerable to infection = sinusitis

129
Q

What is the sensory nerve supply to the paranasal sinuses?

A

CN V

130
Q

Which is the most sensitive and least sensitive parts of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Most sensitive = osmium

Least = main sinus

131
Q
A
132
Q
A
133
Q

What is the largest paranasal sinus?

A

Maxillary sinus

134
Q

How many sinuses are in the ethmoid sinus?

A

2-3

135
Q
A
136
Q

What are the bony protuberances in the nose called?

A

Concha

137
Q

Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain?

A

Into the nasal cavity

138
Q
A
139
Q

What surrounds the brain and spinal cord?

A

Meninges

140
Q

How are brain and spinal cord meninges connected (if at all)?

A

They are continuous

141
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater - outer
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater - inner

142
Q

What are cavities in the dura for?

A

They create venous sinuses

143
Q
A
144
Q

What are the two layers of the dura?

A

Outer periosteal

Inner meningeal

145
Q

Why do the layers of the dura sometimes separate?

A

To form dural partitions (e.g. falx cerebri)

To create intracranial venous structures e.g. dural venous sinuses

146
Q

Name 4 partitions created by the dural layers separating?

A

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli
Diaphragma Sellae

147
Q

What does the falx cerebri do?

A

Divides the brain into right and left sides

148
Q

Where does the falx cerebri attach?

A

Attaches to the anterior cranial fossa at the ethmoid bone & frontal crest.

Also attaches to the axial tentorium cerebelli at the back.

149
Q

What does the tentorium cerebelli do?

A

Separates cerebellum from posterior parts of the cerebral hemispheres.

150
Q

Where does the tentorium cerebelli attach?

A

At the anterior and posterior clinoid processes.

151
Q

What is the tentorial notch?

A

The opening in the tentorium cerebelli where the midbrain passes through.

152
Q

Which dural fold can be found below the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Falx cerebelli

153
Q

Which dural fold covers the pituitary gland (like a sheet?)

A

Diaphragma sellae

154
Q
A
155
Q

Where is the arterial supply to the dura found?

A

In the outer periosteal layer of the dura

156
Q

Which artery supplies the dura?

A

Meningeal artery

157
Q

What are the four divisions of the meningeal artery?

A

Anterior meningeal
Middle meningeal & accessory meningeal
Posterior meningeal

158
Q

Which is the largest meningeal artery?

A

The middle meningeal artery

159
Q

Which is the most commonly injured meningeal artery and where?

A

The middle meningeal artery

Most common injury is at the pterion where it is most vulnerable.

160
Q

What is the pterion?

A

The junction of parietal, frontal, sphenoid & temporal bones

161
Q

Where does the meningeal artery get its blood supply from?

A

The external carotid artery

162
Q
A
163
Q

Where are venous sinuses found?

A

Between outer periosteal and inner meningeal layers of the dyra

164
Q
A
165
Q

Which sinus travels around the edge of the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Transverse sinus

166
Q

Where does the transverse sinus drain?

A

Into the sigmoid sinus and then into the jugular vein

167
Q

What is the confluence of sinuses?

A

Where the superior sagittal sinus meets the transverse sinus and the straight sinus

168
Q

What drains into the transverse sinus where it joins the sigmoid sinus?

A

Superior petrosal sinus

169
Q

Where do the cavernous sinuses receive drainage from?

A

From the ophthalmic veins, cerebral veins & emissary veins

170
Q

What is the clinical significance of the cavernous sinuses?

A

Infection here can affect the eyes
Infection can pass from extra cranial to intracranial - must be very cautious of infection in this area

171
Q

What empties into the dural venous sinuses?

A

Cerebral, cerebellar, diploic and emissary sinuses

172
Q

What are emissary veins?

A

They are veins that pass through foramina in the skull
Provide communication between dural venous sinuses & veins of scalp & skull base

173
Q

Where do all venous sinuses eventually drain into?

A

The internal jugular vein

174
Q

What is important about emissary veins?

A

They can be a route of infection as they have no valves

175
Q

What are diploic veins?

A

Veins from within the skull bone

176
Q
A
177
Q

Which nerve supplies the dura?

A

Trigeminal nerve

178
Q

Which part of the trigeminal nerve is located in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

V(1) - Ophthalmic division

179
Q

Which part of the dura does V (1) supply?

A

The floor & anterior part of the falx cerebri & the tentorium cerebelli

180
Q

Which part of the trigeminal nerve supplies the middle cranial fossa?

A

V (2) - Maxillary division

181
Q

Which part of the trigeminal nerve supplies the posterior cranial fossa?

A

All three + supply from the odd cervical nerve

182
Q
A
183
Q

Which section of the dura is avascular?

A

Arachnoid mater

184
Q

Which dura surrounds roots of cranial nerves at their origins?

A

Pia

185
Q

Where is the CSF produced?

A

By ependymal cells in the ventricles of the brain

186
Q

How does CSF return to circulation?

A

This occurs in the subarachnoid space - CSF returns to venous system through arachnoid villi & granulations and travels to the venous sinuses.

187
Q

What time of haematoma is it when the blood collects between the bone and the periosteal layer of the dura?

A

Extradural haematoma

188
Q

What type of haematoma is it when blood collects beneath the dura - the periosteal dura remains stuck to the bone and the meningeal layer is pushed away from the arachnoid?

A

Subdural haemorrhage

189
Q
A
190
Q
A
191
Q
A
192
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal bone to lesser wing of sphenoid bone

193
Q

What does the anterior cranial fossa contain?

A

The frontal lobe

194
Q

What are the boundaries of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Lesser wing of sphenoid bone, anterior clinoid processes, prechiasmatic sulcus to. anterior surface of petrous bone & dorsum sellae

195
Q

What is contained in the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal lobes, pituitary gland

196
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Posterior surface of petrous bone to occipital bone

197
Q

What is contained in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Brainstem, cerebellum

198
Q

What does the cribriform plate contain?

A

Olfactory nerve foramina

199
Q
A
200
Q

Which sinuses does the falx cerebri contain?

A

Superior & inferior sagittal sinuses
Straight sinus

201
Q

Which sinuses does the falx cerebelli contain?

A

Occipital sinus

202
Q

Which sinuses does the tentorium cerebelli contain?

A

Straight sinus, transverse sinus, superior petrosal sinus

203
Q

Which sinuses does the diaphragma sellae contain?

A

Anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses

204
Q

What role does the diaphragma sellae do?

A

Separates the pituitary from the diencephalon

205
Q

What does the falx cerebelli do?

A

Separates the cerebellum hemispheres

206
Q
A
207
Q
A
208
Q
A
209
Q

What is the hollow above the zygomatic arch?

A

Temporal fossa

210
Q

What does the temporal fossa contain?

A

The temporalis muscle

211
Q

Which space is underneath the temporal fossa?

A

The infratemporal fossa

212
Q

What does the intratemporal fossa contain?

A

The pterygoid muscles & clinoid process of the mandible

213
Q

What are the four spiky downward projections on the underneath of the skull behind the maxilla?

A

Pterygoid plates - lateral and medial

214
Q

What is the posterior opening to the nasal cavity called?

A

Posterior nares

215
Q

What is the sloping surface behind the clinoid processes called?

A

Dorsum sellae

NSB Anatomy (6 decks)

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