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Bones of the Skull Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 compartments of the head?

A

Cranial cavity
Ears
Orbits
Nasal cavities
Oral cavity

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2
Q

What is the name of a hole in a bone in the skull?

A

Foramina

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3
Q

What reduces the weight of the skull?

A

Paranasal sinuses

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4
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

22 (excluding ear ossicles)

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5
Q

How are bones attached in the skull?

A

Via sutures

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6
Q

Which bone does not join via a suture in the skull?
How is it joined instead?

A

The mandible - via the temperomandibular joint.

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7
Q

What type of joint is the temperomandibular joint?

A

Synovial joint

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8
Q

Apart from the TMJ, where else are synovial joints found in the skull?

A

In the inner ear - malleus to incus AND incus to stapes

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9
Q

What are unossified gaps in infants called?

A

Fontanelles

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10
Q

What is the structure of bone in the skull?

A

Consists of two tables (external and internal) which are separated by diploe (spongy bone)

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11
Q

What is spongy bone in the skull called? What is its function?

A

Diploe - to lessen the weight of the skull.

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12
Q

How is the cranium divided?

A

Into neurocranium & viscerocranium.

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13
Q

What does the neurocranium contain?

A

Brain

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14
Q

What is the domed part of the cranium called?

A

Calvary - contains the brain.

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15
Q

What does the viscerocranium contain?

A

Viscera of sense organs (includes mandible).

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16
Q
A
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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Which bones make up the base of the cranium?

A

Occipital, sphenoid & temporal bones

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19
Q
A
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20
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21
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22
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23
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24
Q

What is the junction of the sagittal suture and coronal suture called?

A

Bregma

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25
What is the junction of the sagittal suture with the lambdoid suture called?
Lambda
26
What is the junction between the parietal bone, frontal bone, temporal bone and sphenoid bone called?
Pterion
27
Why is the Pterion clinically important?
Lies adjacent to medial meningeal artery - if injury occurs extradural haemorrhage is common here.
28
What is the junction of the parietal, occipital & temporal bone called?
Asterion
29
What is CNI?
Olfactory Nerve
30
What is CNII?
Optic Nerve
31
What is CNIII?
Oculomotor Nerve
32
What is CN IV?
Trocholear Nerve
33
What is CN V?
Trigeminal Nerve
34
How many branches does the trigeminal nerve have?
3 - Ophthalmic, Maxillary & Mandibular
35
What is the CN V(1)?
Opthalmic nerve
36
What is CN V(2)?
Maxillary Nerve
37
What is CN V(3)?
Mandibular nerve
38
What is CN VI?
Abducens nerve
39
What is CN VII?
Facial nerve
40
What is CN VIII?
Vestibulocochlear nerve
41
What is CN IX?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
42
What is CN X?
Vagus nerve
43
What is CN XI?
Accessory nerve
44
What is CN XII?
Hypoglossal nerve
45
What is the mneumonic for whether cranial nerves are sensory or motor nerves?
Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More S - Somatic M - Motor B - Both
46
What is the mneumonic for the names of the cranial nerves?
Ooh Ooh Ooh To Touch A French Virgin Girl's Vagina And Hymen
47
Where does the spinal cord pass through the skull to the brain?
Through the Foramen Magnum.
48
Which muscle attaches to the mastoid process?
The sternocleidomastoid muscle.
49
What is the pterygoid plate and what is its function?
Projections from the sphenoid bone - medially and laterally = Medial Pterygoid plate and Lateral Pterygoid plate. Function = site for muscular attachment.
50
51
What is the floor of the cranial cavity divided into?
3 Fossa - Anterior - Middle - Posterior
52
What is the Anterior Fossa comprised of?
Body & lesser wings of Sphenoid, ethmoid bone & floor of frontal bone. (Sphenoid, Ethmoid & Frontal)
53
What is the Middle Fossa comprised of?
Sphenoid & Temporal bone
54
What is the Posterior Fossa comprised of?
Part of the occipital, temporal, sphenoid & parietal bone
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Which part of the brain is in the anterior cranial fossa?
Frontal lobes
58
What does the falx cerebri attach to?
Frontal crest and crista galli
59
What does the foramen cecum do?
Allows venous drainage from nasal cavity into superior sagittal sinus
60
What does the cribriform plate do?
Contains olfactory foramina - allowing for passage of olfactory nerves (CN I) to the roof of the nasal cavity
61
Where does the tentorium cerebelli attach?
To the anterior crinoid processes.
62
What does the frontal crest turn into?
The Crista galli
63
What is special about the ethmoid bone?
It is perforated with foramen to allow olfactory nerve fibres to pass through.
64
Where are the cribriform plates?
Either side of the Crista Galli
65
What is special about the roof of the orbit?
It forms two bulges in the thin part of the frontal bone - located in the anterior cranial fossa.
66
What is the horizontal dura in the brain called?
The tentorium cerebelli
67
Where does the tentorium cerebelli attach in the anterior cranial fossa?
To the anterior clinoid process.
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What is the dura called that divides the brain and where does it attach?
Falx cerebri Attaches to the frontal crest
70
What is the dura called that divides the cerebellum?
Falx cerebelli
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Which bones make up the middle cranial fossa?
Sphenoid & temporal bones
73
What are the boundaries of the middle cranial fossa?
Anterior edge of prechiasmatic sulcus Anterior surface of petrous temporal bone
74
What part of the brain does the middle cranial fossa contain?
The temporal lobes
75
Where is the pituitary found?
In the sella turcica
76
What does the tentorium cerebelli attach to in the middle cranial fossa?
The posterior clinoid processes.
77
Which foramen is this?
Superior orbital fissure
78
Which nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure? Which vein also passes through?
III IV V(1) VI Ophthalmic vein
79
Which nerves pass through the foramen rotundum? Where does it pass to?
V (2) - Maxillary nerve Passes into pterygopalatine fossa
80
Which opening is this?
The foramen rotundum
81
Where is the foramen rotundum found?
Just below the superior orbital fissure.
82
Which opening is this?
Foramen ovale
83
What nerves pass through the foramen ovale? Where do they go to?
V(3) & lesser petrosal nerve The infratemporal fossa
84
Which opening is this?
Foramen spinosum
85
What passes through the foramen spinosum and where does it travel to?
Middle meningeal artery Passes from Infratemporal fossa into cranium.
86
Which is the middle meningeal artery in the infratemporal fossa an important site clinically?
Because if injured here it can produce intracranial haemorrhage.
87
Which opening is this?
Foramen lacerum
88
What passes through the foramen lacerum?
Nothing passes through the foramen lacerum - is covered with cartilaginous plug.
89
Which opening is this?
The carotid canal
90
What passes through the carotid canal?
The internal carotid artery and nerve plexus - they enter the cranium through this canal.
91
What is this? Which bone is this located in?
The trigeminal impression The anterior part of the petrous temporal bone.
92
What is the purpose of the trigeminal impression?
Is where the trigeminal nerve sensory ganglia is located.
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What is the posterior cranial fossa comprised of?
Parts of temporal & occipital + small part of sphenoid & parietal.
95
Which is the largest and deepest cranial fossa?
Posterior cranial fossa.
96
What are the boundaries of the posterior cranial fossa?
Dorsal sellae & cloves Superior part of petrous temporal bone Squamous occipital bone to transverse groove
97
What does the posterior cranial fossa contain?
The brainstem and the cerebellum
98
What is the largest opening in the posterior cranial fossa?
Foramen magnum
99
What travels through the foramen magnum?
Spinal cord exits from brainstem Vertebral arteries enter CN XI enters
100
What runs in the transverse groove of the clivus?
Transverse sinus
101
What runs through the jugular foramen?
Inferior petrosal sinus - to IJV Sigmoid sinus - IJV Nerves IX, X & XI
102
What runs in the hypoglossal canal?
The hypoglossal nerve Ascending pharyngeal artery (meningeal branch)
103
What is this opening?
Jugular foramen
104
What is this?
Jugular tubercle
105
What is this?
Hypoglossal canal
106
What is this?
Internal Acoustic Meatus
107
Which nerves run in the internal acoustic meatus?
CN VII & VIII
108
In which bone is the internal acoustic meatus located?
Within the petrous temporal bone
109
What is 6 in this picture?
External acoustic meatus
110
What is number 10 on this picture?
Foramen magnum
111
What is number 47 on this picture?
Stylomastoid foramen
112
What travels through the stylomastoid foramen
CN VII
113
What is number 3 on this picture?
Carotid canal
114
What travels through the carotid canal?
The internal carotid artery
115
What is number 20 on this picture?
Jugular foramen
116
What travels through the jugular foramen?
CN IX, X & XI Internal jugular vein
117
What is number 9 on this picture?
Foramen lacerum
118
What travels through the foramen lacerum?
Nothing - cartilaginous
119
What is number 11 on this picture?
Foramen Ovale
120
What travels through the foramen ovale?
CN V(3)
121
What is number 12 on this picture?
Foramen spinosum
122
What travels through the foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery
123
Which openings do the three branches of the trigeminal nerve pass through?
V1 - Ophthalmic - through superior orbital fissure V2 - Maxillary - through foramen rotundum V3 - Mandibular - through foramen ovale
124
How many pairs of paranasal sinuses are there?
4
125
What are the apertures called that communicate between the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity?
Ostia
126
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
- Reduce weight of skull - Warming & humidifying inspired air - Allow enlargement of skull with minimal bone mass
127
What are paranasal sinuses lined with?
Respiratory mucus membrane
128
Why are paranasal sinuses clinically important?
They are vulnerable to infection = sinusitis
129
What is the sensory nerve supply to the paranasal sinuses?
CN V
130
Which is the most sensitive and least sensitive parts of the paranasal sinuses?
Most sensitive = osmium Least = main sinus
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What is the largest paranasal sinus?
Maxillary sinus
134
How many sinuses are in the ethmoid sinus?
2-3
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136
What are the bony protuberances in the nose called?
Concha
137
Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain?
Into the nasal cavity
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139
What surrounds the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges
140
How are brain and spinal cord meninges connected (if at all)?
They are continuous
141
What are the three layers of the meninges?
Dura mater - outer Arachnoid mater Pia mater - inner
142
What are cavities in the dura for?
They create venous sinuses
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What are the two layers of the dura?
Outer periosteal Inner meningeal
145
Why do the layers of the dura sometimes separate?
To form dural partitions (e.g. falx cerebri) To create intracranial venous structures e.g. dural venous sinuses
146
Name 4 partitions created by the dural layers separating?
Falx cerebri Tentorium cerebelli Falx cerebelli Diaphragma Sellae
147
What does the falx cerebri do?
Divides the brain into right and left sides
148
Where does the falx cerebri attach?
Attaches to the anterior cranial fossa at the ethmoid bone & frontal crest. Also attaches to the axial tentorium cerebelli at the back.
149
What does the tentorium cerebelli do?
Separates cerebellum from posterior parts of the cerebral hemispheres.
150
Where does the tentorium cerebelli attach?
At the anterior and posterior clinoid processes.
151
What is the tentorial notch?
The opening in the tentorium cerebelli where the midbrain passes through.
152
Which dural fold can be found below the tentorium cerebelli?
Falx cerebelli
153
Which dural fold covers the pituitary gland (like a sheet?)
Diaphragma sellae
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155
Where is the arterial supply to the dura found?
In the outer periosteal layer of the dura
156
Which artery supplies the dura?
Meningeal artery
157
What are the four divisions of the meningeal artery?
Anterior meningeal Middle meningeal & accessory meningeal Posterior meningeal
158
Which is the largest meningeal artery?
The middle meningeal artery
159
Which is the most commonly injured meningeal artery and where?
The middle meningeal artery Most common injury is at the pterion where it is most vulnerable.
160
What is the pterion?
The junction of parietal, frontal, sphenoid & temporal bones
161
Where does the meningeal artery get its blood supply from?
The external carotid artery
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Where are venous sinuses found?
Between outer periosteal and inner meningeal layers of the dyra
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165
Which sinus travels around the edge of the tentorium cerebelli?
Transverse sinus
166
Where does the transverse sinus drain?
Into the sigmoid sinus and then into the jugular vein
167
What is the confluence of sinuses?
Where the superior sagittal sinus meets the transverse sinus and the straight sinus
168
What drains into the transverse sinus where it joins the sigmoid sinus?
Superior petrosal sinus
169
Where do the cavernous sinuses receive drainage from?
From the ophthalmic veins, cerebral veins & emissary veins
170
What is the clinical significance of the cavernous sinuses?
Infection here can affect the eyes Infection can pass from extra cranial to intracranial - must be very cautious of infection in this area
171
What empties into the dural venous sinuses?
Cerebral, cerebellar, diploic and emissary sinuses
172
What are emissary veins?
They are veins that pass through foramina in the skull Provide communication between dural venous sinuses & veins of scalp & skull base
173
Where do all venous sinuses eventually drain into?
The internal jugular vein
174
What is important about emissary veins?
They can be a route of infection as they have no valves
175
What are diploic veins?
Veins from within the skull bone
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177
Which nerve supplies the dura?
Trigeminal nerve
178
Which part of the trigeminal nerve is located in the anterior cranial fossa?
V(1) - Ophthalmic division
179
Which part of the dura does V (1) supply?
The floor & anterior part of the falx cerebri & the tentorium cerebelli
180
Which part of the trigeminal nerve supplies the middle cranial fossa?
V (2) - Maxillary division
181
Which part of the trigeminal nerve supplies the posterior cranial fossa?
All three + supply from the odd cervical nerve
182
183
Which section of the dura is avascular?
Arachnoid mater
184
Which dura surrounds roots of cranial nerves at their origins?
Pia
185
Where is the CSF produced?
By ependymal cells in the ventricles of the brain
186
How does CSF return to circulation?
This occurs in the subarachnoid space - CSF returns to venous system through arachnoid villi & granulations and travels to the venous sinuses.
187
What time of haematoma is it when the blood collects between the bone and the periosteal layer of the dura?
Extradural haematoma
188
What type of haematoma is it when blood collects beneath the dura - the periosteal dura remains stuck to the bone and the meningeal layer is pushed away from the arachnoid?
Subdural haemorrhage
189
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192
What are the boundaries of the anterior cranial fossa?
Frontal bone to lesser wing of sphenoid bone
193
What does the anterior cranial fossa contain?
The frontal lobe
194
What are the boundaries of the middle cranial fossa?
Lesser wing of sphenoid bone, anterior clinoid processes, prechiasmatic sulcus to. anterior surface of petrous bone & dorsum sellae
195
What is contained in the middle cranial fossa?
Temporal lobes, pituitary gland
196
What are the boundaries of the posterior cranial fossa?
Posterior surface of petrous bone to occipital bone
197
What is contained in the posterior cranial fossa?
Brainstem, cerebellum
198
What does the cribriform plate contain?
Olfactory nerve foramina
199
200
Which sinuses does the falx cerebri contain?
Superior & inferior sagittal sinuses Straight sinus
201
Which sinuses does the falx cerebelli contain?
Occipital sinus
202
Which sinuses does the tentorium cerebelli contain?
Straight sinus, transverse sinus, superior petrosal sinus
203
Which sinuses does the diaphragma sellae contain?
Anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses
204
What role does the diaphragma sellae do?
Separates the pituitary from the diencephalon
205
What does the falx cerebelli do?
Separates the cerebellum hemispheres
206
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208
209
What is the hollow above the zygomatic arch?
Temporal fossa
210
What does the temporal fossa contain?
The temporalis muscle
211
Which space is underneath the temporal fossa?
The infratemporal fossa
212
What does the intratemporal fossa contain?
The pterygoid muscles & clinoid process of the mandible
213
What are the four spiky downward projections on the underneath of the skull behind the maxilla?
Pterygoid plates - lateral and medial
214
What is the posterior opening to the nasal cavity called?
Posterior nares
215
What is the sloping surface behind the clinoid processes called?
Dorsum sellae

NSB Anatomy (6 decks)

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