Neck & Oral Cavity Flashcards by Charlotte Humphries

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

Superiorly - nasal cavities & hard palate

Posteriorly - pharynx (oropharynx)

Inferiorly - floor of mouth musculature

Laterally - buccinator muscle

Anteriorly - oral fissure

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What are the two compartments of the oral cavity?

Oral vestibule
Oral cavity proper

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The opening to what is found in the oral vestibule?

Opening of parotid duct

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What is found in the oral cavity proper?

Teeth
Gingivae
Openings for sublingual and submandibular glands
Tongue

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What is it termed where the oral cavity proper meets the oropharynx posteriorly?

Oropharyngeal isthmus

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What are the two arches at the back of the mouth called?

Palatogolossal arch
Palatopharyngeal arch

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What are the five muscles of the soft palate?

Tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini
Palatopharyngeus
Palatoglossus
Musculus uvulae

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Indicate where the following muscles are on the diagram:
- Tensor veli palatini
- Levator veli palatini
- Palatopharyngeus
- Palatoglossus
- Musculus uvulae

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Levator veli palatini
Palatopharyngeus
Palatoglossus
Musculus uvulae

are all innovated by which CN?

And which pharyngeal arch are they descended from?

CN X (Vagus)

4th pharyngeal arch

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Which CN innervates tensor veli palatini? Which pharyngeal arch does this derive from?

CN V(3) (mandibular)

2nd pharyngeal arch

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What is the bone of the hard palate covered by?

Aponeurosis & mucous membranes

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What are the bones which make up the hard palate?

Palatine processes maxillae

Horizontal plates of palatine bones

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Where are the
- palatine processes maxillae
- horizontal plates of palatine bones
- transverse palatine suture
- median palatine suture

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Which nerves innervate:
- Sensation
- Special sense
- Secretomotor

of the palate?

Sensation = CN V(2)
Special sense = CN VII
Secretomotor = CN VII

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Which artery supplies the palate with blood?

Maxillary artery

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What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue used for?

Changing position of the tongue - aid eating & swallowing

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What are the four extrinisic muscles of the tongue?

Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus

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Are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue paired or unpaired?

Paired

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Which cranial nerve innervates the
- genioglossus
- hyoglossus &
- styloglossus?

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

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Which nerve innervates the palatoglossus muscle?

Vagus nerve

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If the LMN of CN XII is damaged - what happens to the tongue?

It deviates to the side of the injury

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If the UMN of CN XII is damaged - what happens to the tongue?

Tongue deviates away from the side of injury

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What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

Change the shape of the tongue = allow precision movements such as speaking, eating & swallowing.

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What are the four paired intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical

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Which CN innervates the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

What is the tongue blade?

The bit that moves that is attached by frenulum

How is the tongue blade divided?

Anterior 2/3rds Posterior 1/3rd

Which nerve provides (a) general sense and (b) special sense to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue blade?

(a) V(3) - via lingual nerve (b) VII via nervus intermedius

Which nerve provides general & special sense innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

GPG nerve - CN IX

Which nerve provides general and special sense innervation to the root of the tongue?

Vagus nerve

Which nerve branches off the nervus intermedius & carries special & ANS to the submandibular and sublingual glands?

Chordae tempani

Which nerve provides taste sensation?

Chordae tempani via the lingual nerve

What are the borders of the neck?

Superior anterior = lower margin of mandible Superior posterior = superior nuchal line Inferiorly anteriorly = upper border of manubrium Inferiorly posteriorly = CVII / T1

What are the two types of fascia of the neck?

Superficial Deep investing cervical fascia

What does the superficial fascia of the neck contain?

Platysma muscle

What is found in the deep investing cervical fascia?

Superficial muscles of the neck

What are the superficial muscles of the neck?

Trapezius Sternocleidomastoid Infrahyoid

What are the four types of deep cervical fascia in the neck?

Investing Pretrachial Prevertebral Carotid sheath & Alar fascia

What are the four compartments of the neck surrounded by?

Deep cervical fascia

What does the carotid sheath surround?

IJV CN X Internal Carotid Common Carotid artery

What does the pretracheal fascia surround?

Oesophagus Trachea Thyroid gland Infrahyoid muscles

What does the prevertebral fascia surround?

Vertebral column Prevertebral muscles Scalene muscles Deep muscles of the back

What is the prevertebral fascia continuous with?

Axillary sheath

What are all compartments and spaces surrounded by in the neck?

Investing fascia

Why are fascial spaces important clinically?

Can be a source of infection transmission between compartments

Which space is in front of the trachea?

Pretracheal space

Which space is behind the pharynx?

Retropharyngeal space

What is the retropharyngeal space divided into (and by what)?

Into 2 spaces - divided by alar fascia

What does the pretracheal space communicate with?

Superior mediastinum

What does the retropharyngeal space communicate with?

Posterior mediastinum

What does the fascial space in the prevertebral layer communicate with?

Posterior mediastinum and diaghragm

What is the danger space in the neck?

Retropharyngeal subdivision - between the alar layer and prevertebral layer of retropharyngeal space.

Why is it called the danger space?

Is a risk that infection in this space can spread easily to thorax or right or left sides or can travel upwards.

Where is the danger space?

Ala fascia connects both carotid spaces - behind this = danger space.

What are the triangles of the neck?

Divisions of the neck which are surrounded by musculature

What are the two main triangles of the neck?

Anterior Posterior

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Anteriorly = median line Posteriorly = anterior border of SCM Superiorly = inferior border of mandible Roof = superficial fascia & platysma muscle Floor = pharynx, larynx & thyroid gland

What are the subdivisions of the anterior triangle?

Submental (unpaired) Submandibular (paired) Carotid (paired) Muscular (paired)

What are the landmarks for the subdivisions of the anterior triangle?

Omohyoid muscle superior belly Diagastric muscle anterior Posterior belly of diagastic muscle

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?

Anterior = posterior border of SCM Posterior = anterior border of trapezius Inferiorly = middle 1/3rd clavicle Roof = investing fascia Floor = Splenius capitis, levator scapulae, middle + posterior scalenes

What are the subdivisions of the posterior triangle?

Occipital triangle Omoclavicular triangle

Which is the important landmark for the posterior triangle?

The omohyoid muscle inferior belly

What is the butterfly-shaped endocrine gland found in the anterior triangle of the neck (in front of the trachea?)

Thyroid gland

How many lobes does the thyroid gland have? What are they called? What are they joined by?

2 lobes Right and left Joined in midline by isthmus - approx tracheal rings 2nd - 3rd

Wha is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland?

Superior thyroid artery (from external carotid) Inferior thyroid artery (from thyrocervical trunk of subclavian artery)

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid gland?

Superior thyroid vein (from internal jugular vein) Middle thyroid vein (from IJV) Inferior thyroid vein (from left brachiocephalic vein)

What are the three subdivisions of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

What do the constrictor muscles of the pharynx do?

Enable swallowing and seal off the larynx

What are the three constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

Superior Middle Inferior

Which nerve innervates the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

Vagus nerve

What do the longitudinal muscles of the pharyx do?

Elevate the pharynx and enable swallowing

What are the 3 muscles of the pharynx, and which nerve are they innervated by?

Stylopharynegeus - via CN IX (GPG) Salpingopharyngeus Palatopharyngeus - both innervated by vagus

What is the function of the larynx?

Breathing and speech production

What is the larynx composed of?

Muscles and cartilage

What are the three unpaired cartilaginous structures of the larynx?

Epiglottis (elastic cartilage) Thyroid cartilage (hyaline) Cricoid (hyaline)

What are the three paired cartilaginous structures of the larynx?

Arytenoids Cuneiforms Corniculates

Where are the arytenoids found?

On top of the cricoid cartilage

Where is the corniculate cartilage found?

On top of the arytenoids

Where are the cuneiforms found?

In the membrane and mucosa of the larynx - they strengthen, dont articulate

What is the superior border of the thyroid cartilage?

Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate?

What dos the common carotid artery bifurcate into?

Internal and external carotid arteries

What do the extrinsic muscles of the larynx do?

Elevate and depress the larynx for protection and speech, and aid swallowing

What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

The suprahyoid muscles - inc myohyloid, stylohyoid, diagastric & geniohyoid muscles and The Infrahyoid muscles - inc sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid & thyrohyoid muscles

What are the intrinsic muscles responsible for?

Sound production Breathing Cough Airway protection Valsava

Which are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

Cricothyroid POsterior and lateral cricoarytenoids Transverse and oblique arytenoids Thyroarytenoid Vocalis

Which intrinsic laryngeal muscle is innervated by the vagus via the superior laryngeal nerve?

Cricothyroid

What are the remaining laryngeal muscles innervated by?

Inferior larygneal nerve (via CN X)

What are the remaining laryngeal muscles innervated by?

Inferior laryngeal nerve (via CN X)

Which vein passes superficially over the SCM?

External Jugular Vein

Which vessel does the EJV drain into?

Right and left subclavian vein

Where is the nerve point of the neck?

Halfway along posterior border of SCM

What is the nerve point of the neck?

Where the cutaneous nerves of the cervical plexus become superficial

What is another name for the nerve point of the neck?

Erb's point

Name four cutaneous nerves

Lesser occipital Greater auricular Transverse cervical Supraclavicular

Which muscles does the spinal accessory nerve from CN XI supply?

Innervates the SCM and trapezius muscle

Which veins form the anterior jugular vein?

Superficial mandibular veins

Which is the only bone in the body that does not articulate directly with another bone?

Hyoid bone

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Midline of neck Anterior border of SCM Manubrium of the sternum

What is contained in the muscular triangle?

Infrahyoid muscles AJV Thyroid vessels Thyroid cartilage, thyroid gland & tracheal rings

What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?

Midline Anterior belly of digastric Hyoid bone

What are the contents of the submental triangle?

Mylohyoid muscle (floor of mouth) Anterior jugular vein

What is the content of the submandibular triangle?

Stylohyoid Facial vessels Lingual vessels Hypoglossal nerve Submandibular gland

What is the content of the carotid triangle?

Common carotid artery Internal jugular vein Facial vessels Lingual vessels Thyroid vessels Vagus nerve Hypoglassal nerve Ansa Cervicalis

What is the ansa cervicalis?

A loop of nerves that are part of the cervical plexus

Which 3 neurovascular structures run underneath the carotid sheath?

Carotid artery Jugular vein Vagus nerve

Why is C3-4 an important landmark?

Is where the common carotid artery bifurcates. Is also the superior border of the thyroid cartilage