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NSB Anatomy > Ear & Auditory Canal > Flashcards

Ear & Auditory Canal Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are the two parts of the external ear?

A

Cartilaginous auricle

Cartilaginous & bony canal = external acoustic meatus

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3
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A

To capture and funnel/transmit sound to the external acoustic meatus

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

Where is the external acoustic meatus housed?

A

In the tympanic part of the temporal bone

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6
Q

What is the boundary between the external and middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane

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7
Q

What attaches the tympanic membrane to the temporal bone?

A

A fibrocartilaginous ring

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8
Q

Which of the ossicles attaches to the tympanic membrane?

A

Handle of the malleus

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

What are the two parts of the middle ear?

A

Tympanic cavity

Epitympanic recess

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11
Q

Where is the tympanic cavity?

A

In the petrous part of the temporal bone

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12
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

To transmit sound as a vibration via the ossicles

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13
Q

How does the tympanic cavity communicate with the nasopharynx?

A

Via the pharyngotympanic tube (aka Eustachian tube)

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14
Q
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15
Q

What are the boundaries of the middle ear?

A

Roof
Floor
Lateral wall
Posterior wall
Anterior wall
Labyrinthine / medial wall

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16
Q

What is beneath the floor of the tympanic cavity?

A

Mastoid air cells
IJV

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17
Q

Which nerve enters the tympanic cavity through its floor?

A

CN IX (tympanic branch)

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18
Q

What is found on the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity?

A

Tympanic membrane & epitympanic recess

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19
Q

Which nerve runs through the middle ear via the posterior wall?

A

CN VII (via nervus intermedius to chorda tympani)

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20
Q

What does the chorda tympani do?

A

Innervates taste to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

What are the three ossicle bones?

A

Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

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23
Q

What type of joint exists between the ossicles?

A

Synovial joints

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24
Q

Which of these ossicles is the

(A) Malleus

(B) Incus

(C) Stapes

Dont label individual parts

A
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25
Q
A
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26
Q

What are the two muscles of the middle ear?

A

Tensor tympani

Stapedius

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27
Q

What does the tensor tympani muscle do?

A

Reduces vibration of the tympanic membrane.

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28
Q

What does the tensor tympani articulate with?

A

Handle of the malleus

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29
Q

Which nerve innervates the tensor tympani?

A

CN V (3 - Mandibular)

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30
Q

Which nerve innervates the stapedius?

A

Facial nerve proper (CN VII)

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31
Q

What does the stapedius muscle articulate with?

A

Neck of the stapes

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32
Q

What does the stapedius do?

A

Reduces vibration of the stapes of the oval window

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33
Q

What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

To equalise pressure in the middle ear and the external environment (via the nasopharynx)

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34
Q

What is the name of the manoeuvre done to equalise pressure in the ears?

A

Valsava manoeuvre

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35
Q
A
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36
Q

What is the pharyngotympanic tube made of?

A

1/3 bone (proximally to tympanic cavity)

2/3 cartilage (distal)

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37
Q

What is the inner ear made of?

A

Bony cavities and membranous ducts

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38
Q

Where does the inner ear communicate with the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Via the internal acoustic meatus

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39
Q

What is the function of the inner ear?

A

Converts mechanical sound into electrical

AND

Converts movement (via mechanical stimulus) into electrical signals

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40
Q

Which nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

VII & VIII

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41
Q

What is the inner ear made of?

A

Bony labyrinth

Membranous labyrinth

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42
Q
A
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43
Q

What does the bony labyrinth contain?

A

Perilymph

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44
Q

What does the membranous labyrinth contain?

A

Endolymph

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45
Q

What are the three parts of the inner ear?

A

The vestibule
Cochlea
Semicircular canals

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46
Q

What does the cochlea do?

A

Converts sound waves to electrical impulses

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47
Q

What are semicircular canals responsible for?

A

Balance

48
Q

Where is the posterior wall of the middle ear?

A

Towards the back of the head.

49
Q

Where is the anterior wall of the middle ear?

A

Towards the front of the head

50
Q

Which wall contains the opening to the Eustachian tube?

A

The anterior wall

51
Q

Which wall has the empitympanic recess?

A

Roof

52
Q

What does the base of the stapes rest on?

A

The oval window

53
Q

What does the oval window do?

A

Transfers vibrations to the inner ear.

54
Q

What is the outside of the inner ear comprised of?

A

Bony labyrinth

55
Q

What is the inside of the inner ear comprised of?

A

Membranous labyrinth

56
Q

What is the order of lymph in the ear?

A

Bony labyrinth contains perilymph which contains membranous labyrinth which contains endolymph.

57
Q

What are the three parts of the cochlea?

A

Scala vesibuli
Cochlear duct
Scala tympani

58
Q

What is the Scala vestibuli connected to?

A

The middle ear through the oval window

59
Q

What does the Scala vestibuli connect to?

A

The middle ear through the oval window

60
Q

What does the Scala vestibuli do?

A

Sound travels through the ossicles and passes through the oval window to the Scala vestibuli. This causes motion which transmits through the fluid in the scala vestibuli and transmits to the organs of court inside the cochlea duct.

61
Q

What is the cochlear duct filled with?

A

Endolymph

62
Q

What does the cochlear duct house?

A

The organ of corti

63
Q

What does the organ of corti do?

A

Contains hearing receptors / hair cells - these convert vibrations into electrical impulses and send the information to the brain via the auditory branch of CN VIII.

64
Q

What does the Scala tympani do?

A

The perilymph inside the Scala tympani is set in motion by the sound waves that hit the cochlear duct. This makes it bulge through the round window back into the middle ear - relieving the pressure in the inner ear.

65
Q

What does the vestibular apparatus contain?

A

3 semi-circular canals + utricle + saccule

66
Q

What angles are the semi-circular canals at?

A

90 ° from each other.

67
Q

What are the semi-circular canals called?

A

Anterior
Posterior &
Lateral

Semi-circular canals

68
Q

What do the semi-circular canals contain?

A

Membranous semi-circular ducts containing endolymph.

69
Q

What do the semi circular canals open into?

A

The utricle

70
Q

What is the enlarged portion of the semicircular canal called?

A

Ampulla

71
Q

What does the ampulla do?

A

Contains balance hair receptors - detect changes in head rotation

72
Q

What are changes in head rotation known as?

A

Dynamic equilibrium

73
Q

Balance hair receptors send electrical signals via which nerve?

A

The vestibular branch of CN VIII

74
Q

What do the utricle and saccule do?

A

Both have a region called the macula - contains balance receptors - which detect changes in static equilibrium.

75
Q

What is static equilibrium v. dynamic equilibrium

A

Static equilibrium = changes in head position

Dynamic equilibrium = changes in head rotation

76
Q

Where is the inner ear found?

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone - between middle ear (laterally) and internal acoustic meatus (medially)

77
Q

What are the semi circular canals + cochlea referred to as?

A

The vestibulocochlear organ

78
Q

What are the following covered by?
- Oval window
- Round window

A

Oval window = base of the stapes
Round window = secondary tympanic membrane

79
Q

What is the ampulla of the semi-circular canals lined with?

A

Sensory epithelium which contains hair cells

80
Q
A
81
Q
A
82
Q

What is maculae?

A

Sensory epithelium - found in the utricle and saccule

83
Q

Which movement does the utricle detect?

A

Horizontal plane movement

84
Q

Which movement does the saccule detect?

A

Vertical plane

85
Q

What is the apex of the cochlea known as?

A

The helicotrema

86
Q
A
87
Q
A
88
Q

What holds the cochlear duct in place?

A

Spiral ligament

89
Q

What separates the cochlear duct from the Scala vestibuli above?

A

Vestibular membrane

90
Q

What separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani below?

A

Basilar membrane

91
Q

What does the spiral organ (organ of Corti) lie on in the cochlear duct?

A

The basilar membrane

92
Q

What does movement of perilymph do to the basilar membrane in the cochlear duct?

A

Causes it to move - causes hair receptors to move = electrical impulses.

93
Q

What is the membrane in the spiral organ and what is it covered in?

A

The tectorial membrane
Covered in stereocilia

94
Q

Where is the spiral ganglion found?

A

At the base of the lamina of modiolus

95
Q

What do spiral ganglia axons unit to form?

A

The cochlear part of CN VIII

96
Q

What does the cochlear nerve travel with?

A

The vestibular nerve

97
Q

What do the cochlear and vestibular nerves pass through?

A

Petrous bone

98
Q

What does VIII enter the posterior cranial fossa via?

A

The internal acoustic meatus.

99
Q

Where are the cochlear nerve nuclei found?

A

In medulla oblongata

100
Q

Where do the cochlear nerve impulses travel?

A

Cochlear nerve -> nuclei in (dorsal and ventral) medulla oblongata –> midbrain (inferior colliculus) –> thalamic medial geniculate nucleus –> auditory cortex in temporal lobe

101
Q

What Brodman area is the auditory cortex?

A

41 & 42

102
Q

In which lobe is the auditory Cortex found?

A

Temporal lobe

103
Q

What are the organs of balance in the semicircular canals known as?

A

Cristae ampullaris

104
Q

What are the three planes of movement that the semicircular canals detect?

A

Anterior/coronal
Posterior/sagittal
Horizontal/lateral - transverse plane

105
Q

Semicircular canals open into ? via ? and which? end of each canal?

A

Into utricle
Via ampulla
Distal end of each canal

106
Q

How do endolymph movements cause electrical signals in the semicircular canals?

A

Endolymph movement distorts the cupula.

Stereocilia and kinocilium are embedded in the cupula.

Movement of these hair cells = electrical signal to fire in vestibular nerve

107
Q

What is the membrane in the utricle and saccule?

A

Otolithic membrane

108
Q

What does the otolithic membrane contain?

A

Otoliths and gelatinous mass (which contain stereocilia and single kinocilium).

109
Q

How are nerve impulses generated in the utricle and saccule?

A

Endolymph movement distorts the otolithic membrane - movement of the hair cells causes electrical signal to fire in the vestibular nerve division.

110
Q

What does CN VIII divide into?

A

Inferior and superior divisions.

111
Q

Which division of CNVIII innervates the utricle, superior & horizontal/lateral semi-circular canals?

A

Superior division

112
Q

Which division of CNVIII innervates the saccule?

A

The inferior division

113
Q

Which division of the CNVIII innervates the posterior semi-circular canal?

A

Singular nerve

114
Q

Where does the vestibular nerve travel to?

A

To nuclei (superior, inferior, medial & lateral) in the medulla oblongata and the pons.

Then they travel via different pathways - vestibulospinal, vestibulocerebellar, vestibuloocular reflexes.

115
Q
A

A = internal auditory canal with 7th & 8th cranial nerves
B = pons
C = external auditory canal
D = cochlea
E = C2

NSB Anatomy (6 decks)

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