Topography of Pelvis

Question 1

3 main body cavities

Answer 1

thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavity

Question 2

Pelvic cavity is …

Answer 2

continuous with abdomen and a tubular passage

Question 3

Bony pelvis is formed by

Answer 3

Pelvic girdle (2 fused os coxae, also called bony ring)

sacrum

1st and 2nd caudal vertebrae

Question 4

Boundaries of pelvic outlet

Answer 4

• First ca. vertebra
• Sacrotuberous ligaments (dog only) & muscles
• Ischial arch
• bony ring (surrounding entrance)
• terminal line (sacrum, ilium shaft, pubis)

Question 5

What is the transverse and conjugate diameter

Answer 5

The transverse diameter: the greatest distance between arcuate lines of ilium.

The conjugate diameter: the distance between the sacral promontory and the pecten pubis.

Question 6

Terminal parts of 3 systems

Answer 6

1. Digestive tract
2. Reproductive (male/female)
3. Lower urinary tract

Question 7

Where is the perineal region

Answer 7

extends from anus to scrotum/vulva

perineum: the wall and associated structures closing the pelvic outlet and surrounding the anal and urogenital canals

Question 8

what muscles anchor the rectum in place (aka pelvic diaphragm)

Answer 8

coccygeus and levator ani
(2 V shaped muscles)

Question 9

What holds the urogential diaphragm? (anchors repro tract)

Answer 9

mainly fascia

Question 10

Most dorsal body system in the pelvis

Answer 10

GI system (rectum)

Question 11

Most middle body system in the pelvis

Answer 11

repro system

Question 12

Most ventral body system in the pelvis

Answer 12

urinary system

Question 13

demarcation between descending colon and the rectum

Answer 13

pelvic inlet!

colon shifts from left side to the midline

Question 14

Urinary bladder position

Answer 14

lies directly on pelvic floor
▪ Empty … thick wall, feels solid
– lies almost within the pelvic cavity

▪ Full … thin wall (may rupture if
blocked)
– Extends cranially into the abdomen

Question 15

3 parts of urinary bladder

Answer 15

apex, body, and neck (fixed) ( cranial to caudal)

Question 16

What is the urinary bladder trigone? and what are its boundaries?

Answer 16

smooth triangular region on the dorsal internal wall of the
bladder neck.

▪ Boundaries:
– the 2 openings of ureters
– the internal urethral orifice

Question 17

ventral to the urinary bladder is the

Answer 17

pubis

Question 18

dorsal to the urinary bladder is the

Answer 18

repro organs and supporting folds

Question 19

peritoneal fixation of the bladder

Answer 19

2 lateral ligaments , and median ligament
(round ligament is above lateral ligament)

Question 20

What is the urachus

Answer 20

embryonic patent urachus (umbilical cord on the inside of the fetus)

should go away after umbilical cord is cut, can leave a bladder diverticulum which can be a site for bacteria

Question 21

pelvic urethra in male

Answer 21

• extends from bladder to pelvic outlet
• widest diameter of entire urethral length
• urethralis muscle
  thick layer of skeletal muscle – “external urethral sphincter

has pelvic and penile urethra in males

Question 22

dogs lack a ____ urethra

Answer 22

preprostatic

Question 23

pelvic urethra in females is ____ and opens into the ____

Answer 23

short, vestibule

Question 24

ductus deferns

Answer 24

continuation of the epididymis duct

terminates in the pelvic urethra

Question 25

prostate gland in what specie ?

Answer 25

ALL

Question 26

Where is the prostate gland

Answer 26

– surrounds neck of the bladder
– Pelvic symphysis ventrally & the rectum dorsally.

Question 27

Cats have a ______ (think BUGS)

Answer 27

bulbourethral gland

Question 28

Cats vs dogs: prostate

Answer 28

In cats, the prostate is bi-lobed prostate, but only covers pelvic urethra dorsally and laterally

in dogs, the prostate completely surrounds the urethra

Question 29

What is prostatic disease

Answer 29

▪ → Constipation & Dysuria (painful urination)
▪ Digital palpation per rectum.
▪ Castration→no testosterone→ decrease size of the gland.

Question 30

Location of uterus and ovary in pregnant vs non-pregnant

Answer 30

Non-pregnant dorsal to and mingle with jejunal loops.

• Pregnant on the belly floor.

Question 31

Clinical importance of rectal palpation

Answer 31

– Mainly Reproductive tract
– Mainly in large animals
– Dogs
▪ prostate gland
▪ part of physical exam

• pregnancy detection and staging
• breeding soundness exam
• AI , therapy, diagnosis by transrectal ultrasound

Question 32

What organs can you feel in large animal rectal palpation

Answer 32

• cecum
• small intestine
• colon
• Kidney (left)
• Reproductive tract - Rumen
• Spleen (equine only)