Peritoneum Anatomy Flashcards by Natalie Bolin

3 serous membranes in the body

peritoneum
pericardium
pleura

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Where is the peritoneum (and whats a fun fact about it)

serous membrane lining the abdominal, cranial pelvic, and scrotal cavities (and organs within)

its the largest and longest membrane in the body

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four Functions of the peritoneum

friction reduction
Free movement as in mesentery
Fixation as by the ligaments
Fat storage as in omentum

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What is included in the retroperitoneal

kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, aorta, lumbar lymph nodes

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What do the ectoderm, mesoderm, coelom, and endoderm become in the gut?

Ecto: body wall
Meso: peritoneum (parietal and visceral)
Coelom: peritoneal cavity
Endoderm: gut tube

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Clinical significance of retroperitoneal

trauma to kidneys would cause blood/urine to accumulate in retroperitoneal space

these fluids can’t be diagnosed by palpation or abdominocentesis - this can result in delay in diagnosing and cause significant kidney damage

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Abdominal cavity vs peritoneal cavity

Abdominal: entire space within abdomen- includes organs, nerves, peritoneum, mesenteries

Peritoneal: between visceral and parietal peritoneum - contains only a lil serous fluid

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When is peritonitis more common?

in females due to openings (2) near oviducts

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Clinical significance of fluid in peritoneal cavity

If no serous fluid or peritonitis or rough handling → adhesions →
impair movement of abdominal organs →
impair function

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potential spaces under normal vs pathological conditions

normal= barely none just to separate
pathological= separate and create a space filled with fluid

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What connects the peritoneum

dorsal and ventral mesentery

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What are the mesenteries

A type of Connecting Peritoneum … wide, double layered

• Connects: Intestinal & Reproductive tracts with the abdominal wall (think mesoduodenum, mesorectum, mesovarian, meso… etc.)

• Contain blood vessels, lymphatics & nerves

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Umbilical herniation and the length of the mesenteries?

herniation-> rotation-> retraction of gut tube

Gut tube growth exceeds that of the body cavity→
• Herniation through the incomplete wall → Two rotations of gut loops.
• body cavity enlarges → return of gut.

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Crowding of the viscera

(parts retracted early are crowded by those coming in later.)

fixed > mobile viscera

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Fixed viscera

Early viscera are packed tightly against body wall by the portions of the gut that enter later, so their mesenteries are partially fuse with dorsal body wall.

• So these mesenteries are short and called fixed viscera (Stomach & duodenum cranially, Ileum, cecum and all three parts of the colon (caudally))

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Mobile Viscera

The regions of the gut that are retracted late, mainly the jejunum, are not crowded and retain their longer mesenteries

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length of mesentery determines…

ease of access in surgery

jejunum = easy access, stomach = large incision

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what develops in the ventral vs dorsal mesentery

dorsal = spleen
ventral = liver

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What mesentery surrounds the liver (in the ventral mesentery)

lesser omentum (dorsal)
peritoneal ligaments of the liver (falciform, coronary, and triangular ligg.)

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Describe the root of mesentary

L2- dorsal body wall - attaches mesojejunum and mesoileum

Thick: contains cranial mesenteric artery, intestinal lymphatics, autonomic n. plexus

is the mesentery long or short in the ruminant?

short

Where is the omentum?

passes from stomach to other organs or to the abdominal wall

lesser and greater omentum

connections of the lesser omentum

liver to lesser curvature of the stomach

covers papillary process on caudate liver lobe

greater omentum attachments

none on caudal border- lift that shit out
remnant of dorsal mesogastrium - enlarges and folds in on itself

2 sheets - superficial and deep (each sheet has 2 layers)

What is the omental bursa

subdivision of the peritoneal cavity enclosed by the greater and lesser omentum - It is a potential space and is collapsed in life

what are the MANY clinical significances of epiploic (omental) foramen? (4)

site of intestinal herniation or entrapment of colon and subsequent colic in HORSES easiest way to locate the portal vein in surgery bleeding from liver/cystic artery can be controlled by placing finger over epiploic foramen to occlude hepatic a. and portal vein. if loop of intestines passed through foramen and strangulated- cannot be cut, bowl must be decompressed by a needle to pull out

What is the epiploic foramen? and what are its boundaries?

aka omental foramen short passage between the omental bursa and the main peritoneal cavity • Found at the BASE of the CAUDATE LOBE of the liver in all domestic animals. dorsal- caudal vena cava ventral: portal vein caudal: hepatic artery in mesoduodenum

How do find epiploic foramen

right side of liver- lift caudate lobe locate caudal vena cava and portal vein put a figer between 2 veins to reach into omental bursa

Greater omentum species difference

carnivores and ruminants: very developed equine: poorly developed

in carnivores a ventral surgical incision into the greater omentum reveals…

liver, spleen, bladder peritoneum should not be sutured separated when closing abdominal incision and should be includes in other sutured layers = less trauma= better closure

clinical importance of the greater omentum

- very mobile and vascular - policeman of the abdomen - limits infection - can be removed without impairing health -will not regenerate if removed

the ______ carried the umbilical arteries and vein in the fetus

ventral peritoneal folds

The falciform ligament

umbilicus & passes to the liver. • attached to the LINEA ALBA • In fetus, carried the umbilical vein - can complicate closure of abdominal incision in cranial part Note: The falciform ligament is thus the mesentery of the left umbilical vein.

adipose tissue from the falciform ligament contains…

a high concentration of adult stem cells In cats the ligament is less fatty

What are the remnants of the ventral mesentery

falciform ligament, median and lateral ligaments of urinary bladder

Median ligament of the urinary bladder

contains urachus in the fetus attaches bladder to ventral abdomen

lateral ligament of the urinary bladder

attaches lateral bladder to lateral abdominal walls in fetus, carries umbilical arteries (turns into round ligaments of bladder in adult)

the umbilical arteries turn into…

round ligaments of bladder R/L

3 mesenteries and ligaments of the urinary bladder

median ligament lateral ligaments (r/L)

What is a ligament

Ligament is a band of fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages (e.g., collateral lig. of the stifle) • Ligament is a cordlike remnants of fetal tubular structures that are non-functional after birth (e.g., ligamentum arteriosum, round lig. of liver, round ligaments of urinary bladder) - fixes organs via channels or vessels

connecting peritoneum - ligaments

a type of connecting peritoneum - narrow, double layered passes from a wall to organ, (or organ to organ) fix organs as a channel or vessels and nerves

connecting peritoneum - what is a fold

little to no blood vessels between 2 visceral organs

innervation of parietal peritoneum

somatic nerve (sensory innervation = segmental spinal nerves) very sensitive to irritation and will cause local pain

innervation of diaphragm

phrenic nerve

innervation of visceral peritoneum

autonomic nerves sensitive to stretching

4 peritoneal pelvic reflections (pouches)

1. pararectal fossa 2. genitorectal pouch 3. vesicogenital pouch 4. pubovesical pouch

What is the vaginal process (or vaginal tunic in males)?

A blind ended portion of peritoneum protrudes through the inguinal canal and sits subcutaneously. • The vag. canal & cavity are continuous with the peritoneal cavity • The vag. cavity contains nothing except small amount of serous fluid for testicular mobility.

What species is the vaginal process in?

bitches only not in cat

what does the vaginal process surround in female vs male?

bitch: round ligament of uterus male: spermatic cord