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Normal Animal 2 > Thoracic Cavity Anatomy 1 > Flashcards

Thoracic Cavity Anatomy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a part of the thoracic cage? (4)

A

• Thoracic vertebrae
• Ribs & intercostal mm
• Sternum
• Thoracic outlet

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2
Q

What are the borders of the thoracic inlet? (3)

A

• T1 vertebra & longus colli m.
• first pair of ribs
• manubrium of sternum

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3
Q

What are the 7 structures that pass through the thoracic inlet

A

• Esophagus
• Trachea
• External jugular vv
• Common carotid aa
• Vagosympathetic trunks
• Recurrent laryngeal nn
• Roots of the phrenic nn

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4
Q

Boundaries of the thoracic outlet (4)

A

• Last thoracic vertebra
• Last pair of ribs
• Xiphoid
• Diaphragm

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5
Q

External intercostal muscles run…

A

caudoventrally

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6
Q

Internal intercostals run…

A

cranioventrally

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7
Q

What muscles act to increase (inspire) the volume within the thoracic cavity? (6)

A

❶ External intercostal
❷ Serratus dorsalis cranialis
❸ Scalenus
❹ Rectus thoracis
❻ Diaphragm

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8
Q

what innervates the inspiratory and expiratory muscles?

A

Ventral branches of thoracic spinal (intercostal) nerves

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9
Q

What are the 3 muscles to decrease (expire) the volume of the thoracic cavity?

A

1 Internal intercostal
2 Serratus dorsalis caudalis
3 Transversus thoracis

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10
Q

2 intercostal arteries

A

ventral and dorsal intercostal arteries

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11
Q

what does the dorsal intercostal veins lead into?

A

Azygous vein

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12
Q

where do the ventral intercostal veins lead into?

A

internal thoracic vein

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13
Q

Where would you place an intercostal nerve block

A

the (proximal) CAUDAL part of the rib
- for thoracotomy pain
(the ICS VAN runs along the caudal border,
poor placement = hemorrhage/pain)

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14
Q

What is the connective tissue of the mediastinum made of?

A

endothoracic fasia

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15
Q

what is the diaphragm innervated by?

A

phrenic nerve

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16
Q

2 Parts of the diaphragm

A

tendinous center (V-shape) and muscle (periphery)

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17
Q

3 parts of the muscle part of the diaphragm

A

lumber (R and L crura L3 &L4)
Costal
sternal

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18
Q

3 openings of the diaphragm

A
  • Aortic hiatus
    -Esophageal Hiatus
    -Caval foramen
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19
Q

What is the diaphragmatic cupula

A

the most cranial portion of the diaphragm

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20
Q

What happens during a traumatic diaphragmatic rupture?

A

dogs and cats (automobile)
costal part = high mortality
liver is also usually herniated along with the diaphragm

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21
Q

Losing 1 or both phrenic nerves cause?

A

nothing at first, but causes hypertrophy of inspiratory muscles to compensate for the paralyzed diaphragm

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22
Q

What are the 4 body serous membranes

A

pleura
pericardium
peritoneum
vaginal tunic

*with respective cavities - and no viscera!!!

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23
Q

what is the peritoneum

A

serous membrane in the abdominal and pelvic cavities

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24
Q

what is the vaginal tunic

A

serous membrane surrounding the testicles

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25
Q

2 regions of the parietal pleura

A

costal pleura - lines ribs and intercostal muscles
diaphragmatic pleura - covers diaphragm

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26
Q

4 regions of the pleura

A
  1. visceral pleura
  2. parietal pleura
  3. mediastinal pleura
  4. pericardial pleura
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27
Q

Which species is the mediastinal pleura the biggest

A

the ox

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28
Q

why do dogs and cats rarely present with unilateral pneumothorax

A

the mediastinum pleura is weak and thin (described at fenestrated) so if one lung collapses, the other has a high probability of collapse

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29
Q

What are the pleural cupulae

A

the most cranial part of the pleural sacs
cup-shaped bubbled - protrude into the thoracic inlet

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30
Q

what is the clinical importance of the pleural cupula

A

it can be injured by penetrating wounds at the base of the neck, and result in pneumothorax and lung collapse

(keep the cupula in mind when performing surgery in the caudal portion of the neck)

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31
Q

What is the plica venae cavae

A

a fold in the mediastinal pleural on the RIGHT side that surrounds the caudal vena cava and right phrenic nerve

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32
Q

What is the mediastinal recess

A

small space medial to the plica venae cavae and is occupied by the accessory lobe

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33
Q

2 regions of the mediastinum

A

cranial (inlet to heart), middle (cardiac), and caudal (heart to diaphragm)

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34
Q

Cranial mediastinum contents

A

Dorsal portion
• esophagus, trachea, great vessels of heart (Brachiocephalic trunk and cranial vena cava)

Middle and ventral portions:
• Thymus (in young then regress)
• Internal thoracic arteries and veins
• Cranial mediastinal lymph nodes

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35
Q

contents of the middle mediastinum

A

Contents in the dorsal portion:
• esophagus, tracheal bifurcation and root of lung
• tracheobronchial lymph nodes, aortic arch
(trachea ends here)

Contents in the middle and ventral portions:
• Heart and pericardium, folds of pleural tissue

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36
Q

contents of the caudal mediastinum

A

Contents in the dorsal portion:
• Esophagus, aorta & right azygos vein

Contents in the middle portion: caudal vena cava
• The ventral portion is reduced to the potential space between the layers of pleura.

37
Q

where the costal pleura reflects onto the diaphragm, forms the

A

costodiaphragmatic recess

38
Q

Read this slide

A
39
Q

Where is the line of pleural reflection

A

extends from the 8th costal cartilage (sternum) along a curved angle to the last rib

40
Q

Basal border of the lung

A

run from the 6th CCj to the second to last ICS at the border of the epaxial muscles

(parallel the pleural line of reflection

41
Q

Clinical application of knowing the basal border of the lung

A

area for lung sound auscultation
safe area for thoracic puncture

42
Q

what is the costodiaphragmatic recess

A

space where diaphragmatic and costal pleura are in direct contact without intervening lung

(bottom corner of the lung)

43
Q

where would you complete a thoracocentesis (tapping pleural cavity)

A

done just dorsal to the superficial thoracic vein in the 7th ICS on the right side

and 8th or 9th ICS on the left side

insert needle midway between two ribs to avoid injury of intercostal veins

In the horse, the superficial thoracic or “spur” vein, which courses along the thoracic body wall at about the level of the olecranon, should be avoided.

44
Q

clinical significance of superficial thoracic “spur” vein

A

may get injured by digging in of the spurs worn by riders→hematoma

The superficial thoracic vein is a good landmark to denote the CCJ

45
Q

problems caused by pleural effusions

A

limits lung capacity, lung collapse, and difficult breathing

46
Q

Types of pleural effusion

A

hydrothorax (serous fluid)
haemothorax (blood)
pyothorax (pus)
chylothorax (chyle)

47
Q

How can pneumothorax be caused

A

Externally - penetrating wound
Internally - lung trauma and damage to pulmonary pleura

(x-ray appears blacker since air is all up in the thorax)

48
Q

3 parts of the esophagus

A

cervical, thoracic, and short abdominal part

49
Q

Borders of the thoracic part of the esophagus

A

Runs in the dorsal mediastinum from thoracic inlet to esophageal hiatus

❶ Cranial mediastinum- dorsolateral to trachea on the left side.

❷ Caudal mediastinum- ventral to descending aorta and dorsal to the caudal vena cava

50
Q

What is the tracheal bifurcation

A

where the trachea splits near the heart base and divides into the primary bronchi

51
Q

pathway from the primary bronchi

A

-> lobar bronchi -> segmental bronchi -> subsegmental bronchi -> terminal bronchioles -> alveolar ductules -> alveoli

52
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment

A

each segmental bronchus and the tissue it supplies with air (cone shaped apex)

53
Q

What species have tracheal bronchus

A

ruminants, pigs, and camels

54
Q

Where does the tracheal bronchus exit into?

A

right cranial lobe

55
Q

4 parts of a lung

A

apex, base, lobe, interlobar fissue(seperate between lobes)

56
Q

How many lobes does the right lung vs left lung have

A

Right 4: cranial, middle, caudal, and accessory lobe
Left 2: cranial and caudal

(cranial left has cranial and caudal portion in dogs and cats)

57
Q

hilus vs the root of the lung

A

hilus: area on medial surface where structures enter/exit the lung

root: all the structures that enter/exit the lung

58
Q

What is lung lobe torsion and which lobe is the most prone?

A

twisting of the bronchus and pulmonary vessels causing necrosis

The right middle lobe - due to its freedom of movement and that its more separate from other lobes (more often in deep-chested dogs)

59
Q

Dogs and cats can survive with up to ____ % lung loss during a lobectomy

A

50%

60
Q

differences in ox lungs

A

both right and left cranial lobes are divided into cranial and caudal parts

61
Q

Horse lung difference

A

3 Right lung lobes
- cranial, caudal, accessory

2 left lung lobes
- cranial (undivided), and caudal

62
Q

clinical significance for cardiac notch

A

window for needle puncture of the pericardium (pericardiocentesis), cardiac puncture, and auscultation or ultrasound exams

63
Q

What is the cardiac notch

A

the region where the heart is not overlaid by lung tissue (on both R and L sides)

  • apex is at the distal quarter of the 4th rib between sternum and CCJ
64
Q

Aspirated materials (fluids, heavy solid particles) gravitate towards which lobes

A

right cranial and middle lobes

65
Q

lighter airborne particles gravitate towards which lobe

A

accessory lobe

66
Q

What are the borders of the auscultation triangle

A

• Cranial – caudal border of triceps brachii (along the humerus)
• Dorsal – epaxial muscles (near spine)
• Caudoventral – curved line from olecranon to intercostal space between ribs # 16 & 17 (end of rib cage)

67
Q

General rule for pleurocentesis or thoracocentesis: (4)

A

• puncture the middle of an ics (avoid cranial & caudal branches of ventral intercostal vessels)
• dorsal to the ccj
• Ox and Horse @ 7th ics above the the ccj
• in the horse avoid the superficial thoracic “spur” vein.

68
Q

Right vein azygos (3)

A

unpaired

right-dorsal surface of the aorta

drains into cranial vena cava

69
Q

what species is the left vein azygos in?

A

ruminants only (left-dorsal surface of aorta into coronary sinus)

70
Q

What is a lymph center (LC)?

A

a lymph node(s) that occur constantly in the same region of ALL species and drain in similar regions

71
Q

4 main lymph centers of the thorax

A

Dorsal thoracic LC
Ventral thoracic LC
Mediastinal LC
Bronchial LC

72
Q

Clinical significance of caudal mediastinal lymph node in ruminants

A

-very large, between aorta and esophagus

-if enlarged can press on esophagus and dorsal vagal trunk

  • will cause difficultly swallowing, vagal indigestion, and bloat
73
Q

4 thoracic lymphocenters in the dog

A

intercostal (5-6th space)
cranial mediastinal
tracheobronchial
sternal

(city dogs= darker lymph nodes due to carbon particles)

74
Q

Why locate the sternal lymph node?

A

lymph from peritoneal cavity drains into sternal Ln (through diaphragm)

sternal ln drains into cranial mammary glands.

Tumor cells can reach the sternal lymph node through this passage

75
Q

Why is T6 an anatomical landmark?

A

• The longus colli m arises from T6 vertebra

• The thoracic duct deviates from right to left @ T6

• On lateral radiographs, the carina shows up as a circular dark spot @ T6

• The tracheobronchial lymph nodes are near the carina, and can be identified in abnormal radiographs.

76
Q

The thoracic duct…

A

A. Area draining to right lymphatic duct.
B. Area draining to thoracic duct. (~75% of the body)

In addition to lymphatic drainage, the thoracic duct transports fat absorbed from the digestive tract to venous circulation.

Because of this fat, the material within the thoracic duct is known as chyle.

should be avoided during surgery

77
Q

What is a chylothorax and why is it a problem?

A

when lymph vessels are cut, the remain open for a while (no clotting factors). Will need medical or surgical intervention

78
Q

location of the heart

A

middle mediastinum, partially left, attaches lowkey to the sternum

ICS 2 to 5(ox)6 (horse)

79
Q

What are the 3 fibroserous layers of the pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium
parietal layer
visceral layer

80
Q

mediastinal pleura connects to the _____ of the heart

A

fibrous pericardium

81
Q

What is the cardiac tamponade

A

When the pericardial sac becomes filled with fluid

(can not expand and will compress the heart)

82
Q

What is pericardiocentesis

A

inserting a needle from the right side along the 4-5th ICS between sternum and CCJ

relieves increased pressure in the cavity from a cardiac tamponade

83
Q

base vs the apex of the heart

A

base is made by the 2 atrium
apex is made by the left ventricle

(right side is more cranial)

84
Q

grooves of the heart

A

coronary groove (atria to ventricle)

2 interventricular grooves (interventricular septum, paraconal and subsinuosal)

intermediate groove (ruminants)

85
Q

what are other names for the left and right side of the heart

A

left: auricular surface
right: atrial surface

86
Q

What are the 2 septa in the heart

A

divide into right and left sides

interatrial septum
Interventricular septum

87
Q

think PAM and what ICS they are associated with

A

Pulmonic valve = 3rd ICS
Aortic valve= 4th ICS
Mitral = 5th ICS

88
Q

the heart feeds itself via

A

2 coronary arteries (R/L)

89
Q

blood circulation pathway

A

Venous blood (venae cavae)
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonic valve
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries

Lungs →
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve→Aorta→The body

Normal Animal 2 (15 decks)

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