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Normal Animal 2 > GI Physiology 1 > Flashcards

GI Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

GI tract is a…

A

Tube! mouth to anus

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2
Q

Systems needed for food acquisition and ingestion

A

Sensory!

tactile, visual, olfactory, memory

and of course mechanical ingestion

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3
Q

Pre-gastric mechanical functions

A

prehension - seizing food in mouth
mastication
deglutition- swallowing
3 stages: mouth (voluntary), pharynx, esophagus (both reflex)

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4
Q

What is segmentation

A

back and forth mixing due to intermittent contraction of circular smooth muscle

(promotes digestion and absorption!)

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5
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

unidirectional waves of contraction towards the anus

(propulsive in nature)

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6
Q

Motility in the gut wall (3 types)

A

propulsive - moving aboral
retentive - material is retained longer
mixing - material within lumen is churned

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7
Q

timing of material from one area to another is called…

A

transit time

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8
Q

transit time ___ between species and diet

A

VARIES

minutes in small birds eating high energy dense food (rapid absorption)

30+ hours in ruminants - time needed for roughages and microbial environment

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9
Q

altering transit times?

A

increasing retention and reducing propulsive motility are the basis of treatments for diarrhea

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10
Q

digestion vs absorption

A

digestion = reduction in size
- reduce food to molecules to be absorbed
- physical, chemical, enzymatic breakdown

absorption = transport of nutrient particles into vascular system
- must follow digestion

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11
Q

chemical and enzymatic digestion

A

chem: hydrolysis of chemical bonds, by HCl
enzyme: hydrolysis of chemical bonds via enzymes

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12
Q

Saliva function and what species its greatest in?

A

aids mastication and deglutition

volume varies but is greatest in herbivores!

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13
Q

Ruminant saliva

A

buffering solution - support rumen microbes and buffer acid produced in fermentation process

antifoaming
continuous flow
80% of water in ruminant stomach is from salivary secretions

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14
Q

In all species the major digestive enzyme produced by the salivary glands is?

A

Amylase

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15
Q

maldigestive diseases share clinical signs with______ diseases

A

malabsorptive

etiologies are treated differently
(bad teeth = maldigestive, vs parvo pet where absorptive lining has been destroyed)

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16
Q

What is detoxification?

A

liver is integral in detoxifying substances

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17
Q

for bacterial housing; all species MUST (4)?

A

• Prevent bacteria from leaving the gut and entering the bloodstream
• Maintain the ‘correct’ types of bacteria for that species.
• Keep colonic bacteria out of small intestine
• Provide a good environment (be a good host) for fermentative bacteria.

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18
Q

2 systems control GI Function

A

extrinsic and intrinsic

both controlled by nerves and endocrine secretions

19
Q

Intrinsic neuronal control in the enteric nervous system

A

autonomic system
-regulation of digestion

ENS controls GI functions independent of central nervous system

20
Q

Intrinsic gut hormones

A

gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, and motilin.

not responsible for digesting

21
Q

hormones made by_______ tract have both local and systemic influences because…

A

alimentary

they are secreted by the organ into systemic circulation

22
Q

APUD cells are?

A

group of endocrine cells that (some) secrete hormones with GI function

Amine Precursor Uptake Decarboxylase

23
Q

APUD cells in the GI are distributed______ and secrete different hormones based on ….

A

throughout!

where they are in the GI

24
Q

Extrinsic nervous control is via the … (4 nerves)

A

Vagus nerve!! (parasympathetic)
pelvic nerve (parasympathetic)
Splanchnic nerve (sympathetic)
Hypogastric nerve (sympathetic)

25
Q

Only extrinsic gut hormone is ______ which helps regulate water absorption from GI tract

A

aldosterone. !!!!!!!!!!

26
Q

What are peyer’s patches

A

immune surveillance of the intestinal lumen. Facilitate the immune response within the mucosal lining of the gut. Especially prevalent in the ileum.

27
Q

What are paneth cells

A

Secrete antimicrobial peptides and proteins, among other things.

28
Q

Phases of assimilation of foodstuff

A

DIGESTION
1. luminal phase of digestion
2. Mucosal phase of digestion
3. Intracellular phase of digestion
ABSORPTION - 4. transport phase

29
Q

Luminal phase of digestion

A

1st
lumen of GI tract (mouth to SI)
uses enzymes from organs and accessory glands and hosted microbes

30
Q

Luminal phase produces

A
  • Short-chain polymers, that are still too big to absorb into blood
  • in the ruminant and equine: the symbiotic microbes produce some products of absorbable size
31
Q

Mucosal phase of digestion

A

Only in SI
only on surface of enterocytes

made by enterocytes
enteric enzymes further digest products of luminal digestion

32
Q

intracellular phase of digestion

A

(similar to mucosal phase)
only in SI
within enterocytes

important only for protein

33
Q

CNS can_____ but not ____ the gut

A

influence, but not entirely control the gut

34
Q

short reflexes

A

from gut back to gut
named from origin to destination

affect motility or secretion

35
Q

long reflexes

A

gut to spinal cord back to gut

ex: vomiting and defecation (more complex)

36
Q

What is the largest endocrine organ of the body?

A

the GI tract

37
Q

2 dietary glucose-containing polysaccharides

A

starch and cellulose

starch= digestible
cellulose= 100% not digestible by vertebrates

38
Q

cellulose is accessible via _____

A

fermentation - microbial flora

39
Q

horses are ____ fermenters

A

hindgut - LI is modified to host microbes

40
Q

ruminants are _____ fermenters

A

foregut

stomach modified to host microbes

41
Q

foregut vs hindgut

A

The bacterial portion of the microflora contains large amounts of protein

In hindgut fermenters, the microbial mass is passed out of the body in the feces

In foregut fermenters, microbial mass is passed on into remainder of GI tract, digested, and utilized as a protein source

in short - fore= protein source, hind= waste

42
Q

ecological differences in hindgut vs foregut fermentation

A

size limit to foregut fermentation (rumen takes up a lot of time and space in the body - requires balance)

-giraffe is the largest ruminant, elephants cannot be ruminants - the physics don’t work

43
Q

Other variables

A

transplant - rumen bacteria transplant
forage quality
water recovery
cecal digestion
veterinary concerns-

• Drugs that kill the bacteria
• Drugs that get digested before being therapeutically absorbed
• Dietary imbalances that adversely affect the flora/fauna of the gut

Normal Animal 2 (15 decks)

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