Topics

Question 1

A/1 Causes, morphology and mechanisms of cell necrosis

Answer 1

Causes:

• O2 deprivation (hypoxia+ischemia)
• Chemical agents
• Infective agents
• Immunological agents
• Nutritional imbalance
• Physical agents
• Aging (telomerase activity+genetic damage)

Morphology:

• Nuclear (loss, pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis)
• Non-nuclear (swelling, membrane disintegrity, possible calcification, vacuolization, eosinophilic, glassy appearance, myelin figures)

Mechanisms:

• Mitochondrial damage
• ATP depletion/deprivation
• Influx of calcium
• Reperfusion injury
• Disintegration of membranes
• Damage to DNA and proteins

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Question 2

A/2 The causes and mechanisms of apoptosis. Apoptosis in pathological conditions.**

Answer 2

Causes:

• Physiological (embryo, tumor, endometrium, inflam. cells after immune response, prolif. cells -> balance, DNA damage)
• Pathological (misfolded protein accumulation ER, growth factor depr, self-reactive lymphocytes, viral infection, lack of nutrients/O2)

Mechanisms:

• Extrinsic (FasL, TNF, Tc)
• Intrinsic (mitochondria)
• p53