4. Hemodynamic disorders

Question 1

Stages of shock

Answer 1

1) Non-progressive: compensatory neurohumoral mechanisms
2) Progressive: hypoxia, lactic acid, arterioles dilate
3) Irreversible: lysosomal enzymes, endotoxic shock, renal failure

Question 2

Shock index

Answer 2

SI = HR/SBP (systolic blood pressure)

Question 3

Term excess fluid in pleural cavity

Answer 3

Hydrothorax/pleural effusion

Question 4

Term excess fluid in pericardial sac

Answer 4

Hydropericardium

Question 5

Term excess fluid in abdominal cavity

Answer 5

Ascites/hydroperitoneum

Question 6

Term excess fluid in subcutaneous tissue

Answer 6

Anasarca

*extreme generalized edema

Question 7

Factors for edema formation

Answer 7

• Increased colloid osmotic pressure
• Increased capillary permeability
• Increased hydrostatic pressure in venous part
• Lymphatic insufficiency
• Increased Na, K retention

Question 8

Types of edemal fluid

Answer 8

• Transudate

- Exudate

Question 9

Transudate

Answer 9

Edemal fluid

• Low protein content
• Non-inflammatory
• Transclucent (because low protein)
• Result of high hydrostatic- and low colloid osmotic pressure

Question 10

Exudate

Answer 10

Edemal fluid

• High protein content
• Inflammation induced (increased endothelial permeability)
• Cloudy (because high protein)