Topics 1-10 Flashcards
Generally characterize Bb.
- most simple living organsim
- greatest biomass
- unique cell structure
Do prokaryotes have a nuclear membrane
No
Taxonomic units bc they are useful to know anyways
- domain
- regnum
- phyllum
- classis
- ordo
- familia
- genus
- species
- -strains
- -serotypes
- -biotypes
Where can one find the largest percentage of bb
Deep sea
Most Bb are pathogenic T/F
False
the majority of Bb are saprophytes
What difficulties might a path Bb encounter in the host
- limited oxy
- limited iron - since most of it is bound
- toxic radicals
- immune system
- body temp
Name common shapes of Bb
- spherical
- rod
- spiral
Size of Bb
0,2 - 100 micrometer
Aims of Bb culture
- isolation of infectious agent
- antibiotic susceptibility test
- vaccine prod
- industry
Direct methods of detecting Bb
- smear
- impression smear
- PCR
Indirect method of detecting Bb
- animal trial
- inoculation onto a medium
What has to be considered when composing a medium
- water
- C-sources
- N-Sources
- Vitamins and additives
- osmotic pressure
- pH
Water % of Bb cell
80-90%
C-sources in medium
organic C-sources - Saccharides, alcohols, glycosides
N-Sources in medium
- anorg. - ammonium salts, nitrates
- amino-acids
- oligopeptides - Peptone, Triptone (digested muscle)
- Native Protein
Vitamins, additives in medium
- B1 - for Bb in cheese prod.
- B2 - most lactobacilli
- X,V Factor
What’s V-Factor
NAD
What’s X-Factor
Haemin
Osmotic pressure in a medium
should be on par with 0.9% NaCl solution
pH of a medium
7,2 - 7,4
Classification of media acc. to origin
- natural
- synthetic
- artificial
Class. of media acc. to state
- solid
- semisolid
- liquid
Class. of media acc. to aim of culture
- common - basic nutrient capable of sustaining growth for less fastidious Bb
- selective - contain inhobitory substances that prevent growth of unwanted Bb
- differential - designed to give identification due to the biochem. reactions in media - often contain pH indicator
Melting point of Agar-agar
85-90°c
Solidifying Point of Agar-agar
45-50°c
In which medium is a motility test conducted
semisolid medium
What kind of medium is a petridish blood agar
- solid
- artificial
- differential
What is a chocolate agar?
heat treated blood agar
How to make chocolate agar
heat treat blood agar for 20 min with 80°c
Where to label petri dish
on the agar side!
After inoculation how many °C for incubation
37°c
What do microaerophile Bb need
4*6% pO2 pressure
10% CO2
What do Capnophile Bb need
5-10% CO2
Name methods to create an anaerobe culture
- candle jar
- biological O2 binding
-chemical
–pirogallic acid + KOH
– H2 + pallidium catalisator
…
-vacuum pump
-anaeroic broth
-deep agar
-pre reduced media
Visible light wavelength
400-700 nm
What do we use to better see the sample under microscope?
Immersion oil, immersion objective
What’s the resolving power of a light microscope
0,2-0,4 microm
What’s the magnification potential of a light microscope
1200-1500 x
What is a darkfiel microscope used for
Investigation of motile Bb
Name the essential cell components of a bb cell
- cell wall
- cytoplasmic membrane
- nuclear material
Non essential cell components
- capsule
- flagella
- fimbriae
- spore
What is a cell wall good for
- protection
- -mechanical effects, osmosis
- transport
- shape
- staining
Cell wall contains what
Peptidoglycan
What is the structure of peptidoglycane
- N-acetylglucosamine
- N-acetylmuramic acid
- peptide units
- peptide interbridges ( may be missing)
- Lysosome
Describe a Gram+ cell wall
- 90%peptidoglycane
- teichoic acid, carbohydrates, proteins, lipoids, waxes
- antigen
Describe a Gram- cell wall
- lipopolysacharide complex (toxic)
- porins
- cell wall antigen
- endotoxin (LPS is toxic)
- less peptidoglycane
Peptide interbridges Gram+ /Gram-
Gram+: yes
Gram-: No
What’s the cytoplasmic membrane used for
- barrier, transport, elimination of waste material
- internal part hydrophobic - barrier to hydrophilic molecules
What are mesosomes
Mesosomes or chondrioids are folded invaginations in the plasma membrane of bacteria that are produced by the chemical fixation techniques used to prepare samples for electron microscopy.
What can be found in the Cytoplasm
- dissolved nuclear material
- enzymes for protein synthesis
- ribosomes
- -ribonucleoproteins
- -rRna
- inclusions
- lipid granules
Bb have nuclear membrane T/F
F
Which form can the chromosome take on
- single
- circular (Plasmid)
- superhelix
What is in a Capsule
- polysaccharide
- polypeptide
- hyaluronic acid
Function of a capsule
- Protection
- adhesion
Organ which makes the Bb motile
Flagella
Length of a flagellum
15-20 microm , very thin
Flagella are considered an antigen T/F
T
Very small hair on the surface of a Bb
Fimbria
Size of a fimbrium
4-10 nm
Which kinds of fimbria are there
simple - adhesion fimbriae
sex fimbriae - conjugation
Small particles produced for survival of the Bb
Endospores
In which state are endospores mostly
dormant
When are spores produced
When the conditions worsen for the active Bb and nutrients run low
Name the spore producing pathogens
- Bacillus, Paenibacilus
- Clostridium
What are endospores resistant against?
- heat
- chemicals
- irradiation
Do spores have their own metabolism
NO
Staining of Endospores
are impenetrable for most dyes
- Ziehl Neelsen
Activation of Endospores is called what
Germination
What do endospores need to germinate
- heat, acidity
- nutrients , water
- decomposition of their cortex and coat
Layers of an Endospore
- core
- cytoplasmic membrane
- cell wall
- spore coat ( chitin)
- exosporium lipoprotein mem.
Unstained examination of Bb. How and what can be seen
The shape, size, arrangement and movement can be observed. Methods: -wet chamber, hanging drop Microscopes: -dark field microscope -phase contrast microscope
Name substances used for simple staining
- hematoxylin, litmus
- anilin dyes: crystal violet, fuchsin, safranin, methylene blue
Name differential staining methods
-Gram (general)
-Ziehl Neelsen (acid- and alcohol fast)
-Köster (Brucella)
-Stamp/mod. Ziehl Neelsen
(Chlamydia-Chlamydophila)
How much % of Water in Bb
75-80%
How much % Mineral in Bb
2-15%
How much % Proteins in Bb
2-15%
How much % Carbohydrates in Bb
<50%
How much % Lipid in Bb
2-40%
How can Bb metabolise
- catabolic processes
- anabolic processes
- watery phase
Do Bb have Enzymes
Yes
What kind of Enzymes do Bb have
- IC Enzymes
-EC Enzymes
mainly induced enzymes
How do Nutrients get into the cell
- through the cell wall
- porins
- transport proteins
Bb which do not need organic materials
autotrophic Bb
What do heterotrophic Bb need
organic materials
Faculatative heterotrophic Bb metabolise how
when no organic nutrients are available inorganic ones are used
What are photoautotrophs
organisms derive their energy for food synthesis from light and are capable of using carbon dioxide as their principal source of carbon.
What are Chemoautotrophs
Chemoautotrophs use inorganic energy sources such as hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, ferrous iron, molecular hydrogen, and ammonia. Most chemoautotrophs are extremophiles
Where do heterotroph. Bb derive organic C
carbohydrates, alcohols, AA
Where do heterotroph. BB get N from
AA , proteins
What are paratrophic Bb
show no propagation on media
Which Bb show no propagation on media
paratrophic Bb
What does Lactobacillus need for energy production
organic C
Name the processes of Carbohydrate metabolism
- oxidation
- fermentation
- decarboxylation
- deamination
- hydrolysis
Generally what is fermentation
oxidation with dehydrogenation
What happens in fermentation with excess carbohydrates
lactic acid is produced
Oxidation can only occur..
..in the presence of oxygen
Can Bb use the citrate cycle
Yes
Where does the citric acid cycle take place in Bb as they have no mitochondira
accross the plasma membrane
How do anaerobic Bb produce metabolize Energy seeing as they can not use the citric acid cycle
-fermentation
Name the anaerobic genera
- Clostridium
- Actinomyces
- Fusobacterium
- Bacteroides, Dichelobacter
- Brachyspira
Name the aerobic genera
- BAcillus
- Micrococcus
- Mycobycterium
- Nocardia
- Brucella
- Pseudomonas, Burkholderia
- Bordetella
- Moraxella
How can facultative anaerobic Bb produce energy
- oxidation
- fermentation
Describe the synthesis of polysaccharides
- glycogen
- mucopeptides
- teichoic acid
- polysaccharide
Name N sources of Bb
- protein
- AA
- other nitrogen compounds
- ammonium salts
- N2
Why do Bb need N
- protein demand
- AA demand
- inorganic nitrogen demand
Name the two sorts of proteolytic Bb
aerobic/anaerobic proteolytic Bb
What do proteolytic Bb produce
- AA
- end products of AA
List the different ways of N metabolism
- proteolytic Bb
- utilising AA and other N compounds
- utilising ammonium salts and ammonia
- utilising N
How can Bb utilise AA
- decarboxylation
- deamination
What are the products of AA utilisation
- amines
- NH3, H2, CO2, H2O
- acetic acid, lactic acid
- ketoacids
Where could ammonia using Bb be found
Ru
Where can Bb synthesize AA
in the cytoplasm, polyribosomes
How can Bb synthesize Glu, Arg, PRo
alpha-ketoglutaric acid + NH3+NADH-PO4
What can Bb synthesize out of Pyruvic acid
Ala, Val, Leu
What can Bb synthesize out of P-enol-pyruvic acid
Phe
What can Bb synthesize out of oxalacetate
Asp, Met, Lys, Thr
All Bb need the same Aas T/F
F
Detail the role of Bb in nitrogen cycle
- decomp. of dead animals and plants
- end product of the decomp NH3
- prod. of NO2, NO3 - utilised by plants
All Bb utilise lipids T/F
F
What can some Bb use lipids for
Energy prod. ,synthesis
What can Bb synthesize with lipids
phospholipids, glycolipids, cell wall, LPS
Demand on Vit. E from some Bb T/F
F
Demand on Vit. B from some Bb T/F
T
Name additives some Bb have a demand for
- NAD
- haem
- mycobactin
What are pigments
secondary metabolites
What are pigments good for
- Protection
- -light
- -redox processes
Detection of enzymes and metabolites of N metabolism
- nitrate red.
- urease prod.
- phenylalaninedeaminase
- H2S prod.
- indole prod.
- decarboxylase
Detection and test for Barbohydrate met.
- ut. of Ch - gas prod.
- methyl red test
- Voges Proskauer test
- litmus milk - differential milk based medium
- oxidation-fermentation
- oxidase test
- catalase test
List extracellular enzymes
- proteolytic enzymes
- gelatine hydrolysis
- coagulase
- lecitinase
- lipase
- phosphatase
Utilising of Bb activity (19)
- decomposition
- mineralisation
- handling of manure
- sewage water
- self cleaning of natural water
- silage
- pickling
- dairy products
- fermentation industry
- prod. of enzymes
- prod. of hormones
- antibiotic prod.
- biogas prod.
- microbial insecticides
- paint digesting
- bioremediation
- biomining
- desulphurization of coal
- artificial snow
How can Bb decompose
- carbon cycle
- -CO2, H2O
- nitrogen cycle
- -NH3, N2
- sulphur cycle
What conditions are important for manure handling
-anaerobic conditions - so no NH3 can be lost
How does Bb self sterilize
-heat production
How does Bb provide nutrients for plants in manure
NH3 - NO2 - NO3
How does Bb help in sewage water
-filtration
Bb helps how in sewage Water
-filtration
How does Bb clean water
- Bb overload - can block Bb
What gets produced in silage
- lactic acid
- heat prod.
