Topic1 Osmotic Balance Flashcards
acidosis
lower than normal pH level, i.e. accumulation of acid in the body
ADH
antidiuretic hormone, hypothalamic hormone, released from the neurohypophysis – increases water permeability in the collecting duct, thus decreasing urine volume
aldosteron
steroid hormone of the adrenal gland – increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidney and at other places
alkalosis
higher than normal pH level, i.e. accumulation of base in the body
ANP
atrial natriuretic peptid – secreted in the atrium of the heart, it increases Na+ and urine discharge decreasing blood volume
bilirubin
yellowish bile pigment produced by breakdown of heme
clearance
a functional measure of the kidney function – the plasma volume that is (theoretically) fully cleared of a certain material per a unit of time in the kidneys
cortical nephron
the most frequent nephron type located in the cortex of the kidney with short Henle’s loop
diuresis
discharge of urine from the urinary bladder
diuretics
drugs that increase the amount of urine and urination
facultative reabsorption
controlled reuptake of certain elements of the primary urine (ultrafiltrate) in the distal kidney tubules and collecting duct according to the need of the organism
GFR
(glomerular filtration rate) the amount of fluid filtrated per unit of time in the glomeruli of the kidneys
glomerulus
the functional unit of the kidneys consisting of the Bowman-capsule and of a coiled capillary system
Henle’s loop
a tubule connecting the proximal and the distal tubules in the kidneys
juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
cell-group located in the angular area of the glomerulus and the tubules in the nephrons that produces renin (to regulate ionic milieu and fluid balance through the renin-angiotensin system)
juxtamedullary nephron
nephron located close to the corticomedullary border in the kidney, with long Henle’s loop descending deep in the renal medulla
nephron – functional and anatomical unit of the kidneys; its parts are the glomerulus, proximal- and distal tubules, Henle’s loop and collecting duct
functional and anatomical unit of the kidneys; its parts are the glomerulus, proximal- and distal tubules, Henle’s loop and collecting duct
obligate reabsorption
the compulsory reabsorption under any circumstances of a portion of some materials (e.g. water, sodium, glucose) in the proximal tubule of the nephron
podocyte
epithelial cell type in the Bowman’s capsule attached to the basal membrane of the glomerulus – filtrate passes between its footlike processes into the tubules of the nephron
RBF
(renal blood flow), the amount of blood flowing through the kidneys per unit of time
reabsorption
backward transport of some ultrafiltrated materials from the tubules to the blood vessels in the kidneys
renin
peptid hormone (protease) released by the juxtaglomerular apparatus – transforms angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
RPF
(renal plasma flow), the amount of blood plasma flowing through the kidneys per unit of time
tubular maximum
a rate limit of transport proteins (maximal transport capacity) in the kidney tubules above which only a portion of the given material is reabsorbed (e.g. glucose in the proximal tubule)
tubule (proximal, distal)
small tubes leading from the glomerulus to the collecting duct in the nephron
ultrafiltration
filtration in the glomeruli of the kidneys in which water and small organic and inorganic compounds pass the membranes from the plasma to the proximal tubule whereas colloid particles and cells remain unfiltered
urea
nitrogen containing compound actively eliminated by the kidneys; the main way to eliminate excess nitrogen
