Metabolism Flashcards
lipoprotein lipase
– enzyme in the capillary wall catalyzing cleavage of fatty acids from lipids in lipoproteins (LDL, VLDL, etc.)
polyuria
– the excretion of an abnormally large quantity of urine
polydipsia
– excessive thirst and water consumption
ketoacidosis
– acidosis caused by the increased production of acidic ketone bodies (e.g. in diabetes mellitus)
direct calorimetry
– measurement of heat actually produced by an organism confined in a sealed chamber or calorimeter
indirect calorimetry
– estimation of the heat produced by an organism by measuring oxygen consumption and respiratory differences of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the inspired and expired air
incretins
– intestinal hormones increasing insulin secretion
endogenous hyperglycemia
– blood sugar level is abnormally high without carbohydrate consumption
exogenous hyperglycemia
– blood sugar level increases abnormally following carbohydrate consumption
anabolism –
a part of the intermediary metabolism, syntheses of materials, building up the organism’s own materials
catabolism
– part of the intermediary metabolism, breaking down the absorbed compounds (usually for producing or storing of energy)
citric-acid cycle – (Szentgyörgyi-Krebs cycle) –
final break-down of the two-carbonic compound acetyl-group that comes from either the glycolysis or the fatty-acid metabolism (beta-oxidation); the end-products are carbon-dioxide and reduced co-enzymes
Cori-cycle
– a procedure in which the lactic-acid produced in the muscles under anaerobic conditions is remetabolised to sugar in the liver on the expense of the break-down of its 1/3 amount
diabetes mellitus
disease due to the lack or ineffectiveness of the insulin hormone; symptoms are sugar in the urine, excess urination and overdrinking, acetone in the saliva, metabolic disturbances, sometimes coma
pentose-phosphate cycle
– an alternative route to the glycolysis in which 5 C-atom sugars (e.g. ribose, etc.) are formed; NADPH, a co-enzyme necessary for fatty-acid synthesis is also produced here
fatty-acid synthesis
– enzymatic production of long-chained fatty-acids from acetyl-Coenzyme-A (requires NADPH).
glucogenic amino-acids
– amino-acids that can enter into the sugar-metabolic pathways
gluconeogenesis
– a procedure in which the liver synthesizes de novo sugars from lactic acid and amino-acids (mainly from blood proteins)
glycolysis
– break-down procedure of 6-C sugars into acetyl (-Coenzyme-A)-group
hyperglycemia
– elevated blood-sugar level
hypoglycemia
– decreased blood-sugar level
ketogenic amino-acids
– amino-acids with ketone-like derivatives that cannot enter into the sugar-metabolism
NAD- (and NADH)
– co-enzyme that binds hydrogen in the glycolysis and in the citric-acid cycle and carries it to the oxidative phosphorylation
Langerhans’ islets
– hormone producing (endocrine) cell-groups of the pancreas
lipolysis –
breaking down neutral fats into fatty-acids and glycerol
oxidative phosphorylation
– final phase of the energy metabolism in the mitochondrion; hydrogen is moved from reduced co-enzymes (FADH2, NADH) to oxygen forming water, while released energy is stored in the form of ATP
respiratory quotient
– the carbon dioxide output divided by the oxygen uptake