Topic ONE - Section TWO - Muscles

Question 1

List Of Muscles :

Answer 1

Trapezius
Anterior Deltoid
Later Deltoid
Posterior Deltoid
Teres Major
Teres Minor
Latissimus Dorsi
Pectoralis Major
Bicep Brachii
Tricep Brachii
Wrist Extensors
Wrist Flexors
Supinator
Pronator Teres
Rectus Abdominus
Internal Oblique
External Oblique
Erector Spinae
Iliopsoas
Adductors - Brevis , Magnus , Longus
Gluteus Maximus
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
Vastus Intermedius
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialis
Bicep Femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Tibialis Anterior
Gastrocnemius
Soleus

Question 2

What are muscles that work in pairs called :
Stabiliser Muscles are called :
Define Each :

Answer 2

Antagonist Pais
Fixator Muscles
Agonist - Contracts for the movement and is responsible for movement
Antagonist- Relaxes in response to active muscle

Question 3

Types of Muscle Contractions
Examples :

Answer 3

Eccentric Contraction - Lengthens as it contracts ( downwards movements )
Downwards stage of Push-up

Concentric Contraction - Shortens as it contracts ( upwards movements )
Upwards stage of Push-up

Isometric Contraction - Stays same length as it contracts ( no movement )
Plunk Hold

Question 4

Muscles Causing Movement At Shoulder :

Answer 4

Anterior Deltoid + Posterior Deltoid
- Flexion / Extension
Medial Deltoid + Latissimus Dorsi
- Adduction / Abduction
Pectoralis Major , Trapezius + Teres Major
- Medial Rotation / Lateral Rotation
Pectoralis Major + Posterior Deltoid
- Horizontal Flexion / Horizontal Extension

Question 5

Muscles Causing Movement At Hip :

Answer 5

Iliopsoas + Gluteus Maximus
- Flexion / Extension
Gluteus Minimus , Medius + Aductor group
- Adduction / Abduction
Gluteus Minimus , Medius + Maximus
- Medial Rotation / Lateral Rotation

Question 6

Muscles Causing Movement At Vertebrae :

Answer 6

Rectus Abdominus + Erector Spinae
- Flexion / Extension
External Obliques + Internal Obliques
- Lateral Flexion

Question 7

Muscles Causing Movement At Radioulna :

Answer 7

Supinator + Pronator Teres
- Supination / Pronation

Question 8

Muscles Causing Movement At Wrist :

Answer 8

Wrist Extensors + Wrist Flexors
- Extension / Flexion

Question 9

Muscles Causing Movement At Elbow :

Answer 9

Briceps Brachii + Tricep Brachii
- Flexion / Extension

Question 10

Muscles Causing Movement At Ankle :

Answer 10

Gastrocnemius , Soleus + Tibalis Anterior
- Plantar Flexion / Dorsi Flexion

Question 11

Muscles Causing Movement At Knee

Answer 11

Bicep Femoris + Rectus Femoris
- Flexion / Extension

(Hamstrings)
Bicep Femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus

(Quadriceps)
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Intermedius
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialis

Question 12

Muscle Fibre Types - Key Terms :

Answer 12

Hypertrophy
- An Increase in size of a muscle
Contraction Time
- Duration it takes for a muscle to contract
Motor Neuron
- Number of muscle fibres attached to a single nerve (more fibres - greater contract)
Resistance To Fatigue
- How quickly the fibres get tired
Force Production
- How hard fibres contract
Mitochondria
- Provides energy to fibres using oxygen
Capillary Density
- Provides opportunity for oxygen to diffuse into muscles (more density - more 02 use)
Oxidative Capacity
- Muscles capacity to use oxygen when working
Glycolytic Capacity
- Body’s capacity to use glycogen when working
Major Fuel
- Preferred Fuel Source for muscles
Hyperplasia
- Muscle fibres split to increase their number

Question 13

Muscles Fibre Types :
Features :
Activity Examples :

Answer 13

Type 1 - Slow Twitch Oxidative
- Low Force Production
- Slow Contractile Speed
- High Fatigue Resistance
- Aerobic ( Uses Oxygen )
- Long Duration / Marathon

Type 2A - Fast Twitch Oxidative
- High Force Production
- Medium Contractile Speed
- Moderate Fatigue Resistance
- Uses Glycogen
- Anaerobic ( Without Oxygen )
- Middle Duration / 1500m

Type 2B - Fast Glycolytic
- Very High Force Production
- Fast Contractile Speed
- Low Fatigue Resistance
- Uses Glycogen
- Anaerobic ( Without Oxygen )
- Short Duration / 100m Sprint

Question 14

Muscle Fibres Characteristics : Type 1

Answer 14

Type 1 - Slow Twitch Oxidative
- Small Size
- High Capillary Density
- Low Phospocreatine Stores
- High Mitochondria
- High Myoglobin
- High Triglycerides
- High Oxidative Enzymes
- Low Fibres per Neuron / Motor Unit

Question 15

Muscle Fibre Characteristics : Type 2A

Answer 15

Type 2A - Fast Twitch Oxidative
- Medium Size
- Moderate Capillary Density
- Moderate Phospocreatine Stores
- Moderate Mitochondria
- Moderate Myoglobin
- Moderate Triglycerides
- Moderate Oxidative Enzymes
- Medium Fibres per Neuron / Motor Unit

Question 16

Muscle Fibre Characteristics : Type 2B

Answer 16

Type 2B - Fast Glycolytic
- Large Size
- Low Capillary Density
- High Phospocreatine Stores
- Low Mitochondria
- Low Myoglobin
- Low Triglycerides
- Low Oxidative Enzymes
- High Fibres per Neuron / Motor Unit

Question 17

Short Term Effects On Muscular System :

Answer 17

Positive :
Increased Blood Flow
Increased Temperature
Increased Elasticity

Negative :
Increased Fatigue
Lactic Acid Production
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

Question 18

Long Term Effects On Muscular System :

Answer 18

Positive :
Muscle Hypertrophy
Increased Hyperplasia
Increased Capillarisation
Increased Lactic Acid Resistance

Negative :
Fasciitis - Inflammation the Sheath around muscle
Overuse can lead to reoccurring injures

Question 19

Effects of a Warm Up on Muscular System :

Answer 19

• Increased Blood Flow
• increased Temperature
• Increased Elasticity
• Reduced Risk Of Injury

Question 20

Effects of a Cool Down on Muscular System :

Answer 20

• Maintains Blood Flow
• Speeds Up Waste Product Removal
• Refresh Oxygen Levels in Myoglobin