Topic One: Carbon Flashcards
Isomers
Molecules that have the same modules formula but differ in arrangement of atoms= in molecule that are very different in biological activity
Carbon is unparalleled in ability to form molecules that are large, complex, and diverse. Why?
1) four valence electrons
2) up to four bonds
3) single- triple covalent bonds
4) form large molecules
5) molecules can be chains, rings gaped, or branch
Polymers
Long chain molecules made up of monomers. Example, proteins=amino acids monomers
Dehydration reaction
Create polymers form of monomers, two monomers are joined by removing one molecule of water
Hydrolysis
H2O added to split large molecule occurs in reverse of dehydration reaction
Carbohydrates
Polymer such as starch are made from these and etc. subunits, all carbohydrates exist in the ratio of one carbon to two hydrogens to one oxygen such as CH20
Monosaccharides
Monomers of carbohydrates, 1 to 2 to 1 ratio such as glucose C6H1206 and ribose C5H10O5
Polysaccharide
Polymers of monosaccharides such as starch cellulose and glycogen
Function of polysaccharides
Energy storage (monosaccharides) and structural support (polysaccharide)
What are lipids?
Diverse groups of hydrophobic molecules that are not polymers
Fatty acids
Hydrocarbon chains of variable lengths, it is nonpolar and hydrophobic
Fats
Triglycerides and are made up of glycerone and three fatty acid molecules
Saturated fatty acids
Have no double bonds between carbon, tends to pack solid at room temperature, leads to cardiovascular disease, commonly produced by animals such as butter and lard
Unsaturated fatty acids
Have a carbon double bond which means kinks, tends to be liquid at room temperature, and are commonly produced by plants such as oil
What are the functions of lipids?
It’s stores energy 12 times the calories than carbon storage, Protech’s vital organs, provides insulation, and is stored in adipose cells
What is the purpose of phospholipids?
Makes up the cell membrane, has a hydrophilic polar head which includes a phosphate group, has two fatty acid tails which are hydrophobic, arranged in a bilayer, hydrophilic heads points towards the water and hydrophobic in between
Steroids
Made up of four rings fused together such as cholesterol and estrogen
Cholesterol
Common component of cell membrane
Protein
Polymers made up of amino acid monomers
Amino acids
Central Carbon bonded to the carboxyl group COOH, an amino group NH2 at other end, hydrogen atom, and R group
Peptide bond
Link of amino acids and is formed by dehydration synthesis between that A and C group
What are the four levels of protein structure and their purpose?
1) Primary structure is the unique sequence in which amino acids are joined
2) secondary structure which is one of two 3-D shapes that are the result of hydrogen bonding between members of polypeptide backbone such as the alpha helix which is coiled and the beta which is a pleated sheet
3) tertiary structure results in complex globular shape due to the interactions between R group a hydrophobic interaction, Vanderwall interaction, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridge
4) Quaternary is the association of two or more polypeptide chains into a larger protein
Is a protein shape crucial?
Yes, it is crucial to function because the amino acid substitute equals sickle cell disease
When is protein denatured?
When it loses its shape and ability to function due to heat, pH change, and other disturbances
Any change changes what?
The function
What do nucleic acids do?
Store, transmit, and help access hereditary info
What are the monomers of DNA and RNA
Nucleotides
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, molecule of hereditary, double strand helix, AT, GT bond
RNA
Ribonucleic acid, single-stranded, AU, CG bond
Nucleotides
Nitrogen base (adenine, thymine/uracil, cytosine, and guanine), pentose a five carbon sugar (ribose and deoxyribose), and a phosphate group
What does the direction of nucleic acid impact?
It determines the direction of DNA transcription and replication
What is the monomer, example, and function of a carbohydrate?
Monosaccharides, starch cellulose sugar and glycogen, energy energy storage and structural
What are the monomers, examples, and functions a lipid
Fatty acids and glycerone, fats and oils, insulation phospholipids of a plasma membrane and imported energy source
What are the monomers examples and function of the protein?
Amino acids, Hemoglobin and pepsin, enzymes cell movement and membrane receptors
What is the monomer, examples, and function of nucleic acid?
Nucleotides, DNA and RNA, hereditary and code for aqueous sequences
Organic compounds
Contain carbon, most also have hydrogen
