Topic One: Carbon

Question 1

Isomers

Answer 1

Molecules that have the same modules formula but differ in arrangement of atoms= in molecule that are very different in biological activity

Question 2

Carbon is unparalleled in ability to form molecules that are large, complex, and diverse. Why?

Answer 2

1) four valence electrons
2) up to four bonds
3) single- triple covalent bonds
4) form large molecules
5) molecules can be chains, rings gaped, or branch

Question 3

Polymers

Answer 3

Long chain molecules made up of monomers. Example, proteins=amino acids monomers

Question 4

Dehydration reaction

Answer 4

Create polymers form of monomers, two monomers are joined by removing one molecule of water

Question 5

Hydrolysis

Answer 5

H2O added to split large molecule occurs in reverse of dehydration reaction

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

Polymer such as starch are made from these and etc. subunits, all carbohydrates exist in the ratio of one carbon to two hydrogens to one oxygen such as CH20

Question 7

Monosaccharides

Answer 7

Monomers of carbohydrates, 1 to 2 to 1 ratio such as glucose C6H1206 and ribose C5H10O5

Question 8

Polysaccharide

Answer 8

Polymers of monosaccharides such as starch cellulose and glycogen

Question 9

Function of polysaccharides

Answer 9

Energy storage (monosaccharides) and structural support (polysaccharide)

Question 10

What are lipids?

Answer 10

Diverse groups of hydrophobic molecules that are not polymers

Question 11

Fatty acids

Answer 11

Hydrocarbon chains of variable lengths, it is nonpolar and hydrophobic

Question 12

Fats

Answer 12

Triglycerides and are made up of glycerone and three fatty acid molecules

Question 13

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 13

Have no double bonds between carbon, tends to pack solid at room temperature, leads to cardiovascular disease, commonly produced by animals such as butter and lard

Question 14

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 14

Have a carbon double bond which means kinks, tends to be liquid at room temperature, and are commonly produced by plants such as oil

Question 15

What are the functions of lipids?

Answer 15

It’s stores energy 12 times the calories than carbon storage, Protech’s vital organs, provides insulation, and is stored in adipose cells

Question 16

What is the purpose of phospholipids?

Answer 16

Makes up the cell membrane, has a hydrophilic polar head which includes a phosphate group, has two fatty acid tails which are hydrophobic, arranged in a bilayer, hydrophilic heads points towards the water and hydrophobic in between

Question 17

Steroids

Answer 17

Made up of four rings fused together such as cholesterol and estrogen

Question 18

Cholesterol

Answer 18

Common component of cell membrane

Question 19

Protein

Answer 19

Polymers made up of amino acid monomers

Question 20

Amino acids

Answer 20

Central Carbon bonded to the carboxyl group COOH, an amino group NH2 at other end, hydrogen atom, and R group

Question 21

Peptide bond

Answer 21

Link of amino acids and is formed by dehydration synthesis between that A and C group

Question 22

What are the four levels of protein structure and their purpose?

Answer 22

1) Primary structure is the unique sequence in which amino acids are joined
2) secondary structure which is one of two 3-D shapes that are the result of hydrogen bonding between members of polypeptide backbone such as the alpha helix which is coiled and the beta which is a pleated sheet
3) tertiary structure results in complex globular shape due to the interactions between R group a hydrophobic interaction, Vanderwall interaction, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridge
4) Quaternary is the association of two or more polypeptide chains into a larger protein

Question 23

Is a protein shape crucial?

Answer 23

Yes, it is crucial to function because the amino acid substitute equals sickle cell disease

Question 24

When is protein denatured?

Answer 24

When it loses its shape and ability to function due to heat, pH change, and other disturbances

Question 25

Any change changes what?

Answer 25

The function

Question 26

What do nucleic acids do?

Answer 26

Store, transmit, and help access hereditary info

Question 27

What are the monomers of DNA and RNA

Answer 27

Nucleotides

Question 28

DNA

Answer 28

Deoxyribonucleic acid, molecule of hereditary, double strand helix, AT, GT bond

Question 29

RNA

Answer 29

Ribonucleic acid, single-stranded, AU, CG bond

Question 30

Nucleotides

Answer 30

Nitrogen base (adenine, thymine/uracil, cytosine, and guanine), pentose a five carbon sugar (ribose and deoxyribose), and a phosphate group

Question 31

What does the direction of nucleic acid impact?

Answer 31

It determines the direction of DNA transcription and replication

Question 32

What is the monomer, example, and function of a carbohydrate?

Answer 32

Monosaccharides, starch cellulose sugar and glycogen, energy energy storage and structural

Question 33

What are the monomers, examples, and functions a lipid

Answer 33

Fatty acids and glycerone, fats and oils, insulation phospholipids of a plasma membrane and imported energy source

Question 34

What are the monomers examples and function of the protein?

Answer 34

Amino acids, Hemoglobin and pepsin, enzymes cell movement and membrane receptors

Question 35

What is the monomer, examples, and function of nucleic acid?

Answer 35

Nucleotides, DNA and RNA, hereditary and code for aqueous sequences

Question 36

Organic compounds

Answer 36

Contain carbon, most also have hydrogen