Chapter 8- The Metabolism Flashcards
Cellular respiration
Drives this cellular economy by extracting energy stored in sugars and other fuels
Bioluminescent
Stored energy in certain molecules to light
Metabolism
Totality of an organisms chemical reactions
Metabolic pathway
Starts with a starting molecule an goes through a series of steps resulting in a product
Catabolic pathways
Breakdown pathways which releases energy by doing this and into simpler compounds (cellular respiration)
Anabolic Pathways
Consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones, they are sometimes called biosynthetic pathways. Example is the synthesis of amino acids from simpler molecules and the synthesis of protein from amino acids
Bioenergetics
Study of how energy flows from living organisms
Energy
Capacity to cause change
What does the work of life depend on
Ability of cells to transform energy from one form to another
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion
Thermal energy
Connecticut energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules
Heat
Thermal energy and transferred from one object to another
Is light a type of energy
Yes that can be harnessed for formwork such as powering the photosynthesis and green plants
Potential energy
Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
Chemical energy
Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
During a catabolic reaction do bonds break or form
Both, releasing energy and resulting in lower energy breakdown products
Biochemical pathway
Enable cells to release chemical energy from food molecules and use the energy to power life processes
Thermodynamics
Study of the energy transformation that occurs in a collection of matter
Is the difference between open and close system
Open system is when energy and matter can be transformed between the system and its surroundings unlike an isolated system
What is the first law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
What is the first law of thermodynamics called
Conservation of energy
What is the second law of thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
Where is the most chemical energy loss to
Not motion but to heat
What is beneficial for the heat given off
It warms our bodies up
Entropy
Measure of disorder or randomness
Spontaneous process
Leads to an increase in entropy, that process can proceed without re-quiring an input of energy
Nonspontaneous process
Decrease in entropy and will happen only if energy is supplied such as the flow of water uphill through a machine but still leads to the increase of entropy in the world
Kind of chain are amino acids ordered in
Polypeptide chain
The universe is equivalent to what
The system and surroundings
What is the Gibbs free energy of a system without considering it surroundings
Symbolized by the G and is free energy which is the portion of a systems energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure her uniform throughout the systemas in the living cell
How can you calculate free energy
Free energy is equal to the change in enthalpy minus the change in the systems entropy times that absolute temperature in kelvin
How do you convert from Celsius to F
At 273 to your Celsius us degree
Once the calculate free energy what can you use it to predict
Whether the process will be spontaneous that is whether it is energetically favorable and Welker without input of energy
Is spontaneous process negative orpositive
It is negative in other words every spontaneous process decreases the systems free energy and processes that have positive or zero free energy are never spontaneous
Change of free space is equal to the free space and Final State minus free space initial state
Free energy can be negative only when the process involves a loss of energy during the change from initial state to final state because it has less free energy the system in its final state is less likely to change and is therefore more stable than it was previously
What happens when we digest food?
Proteins are dismantled into amino acids that can be converted to sugars
What is an unstable system and what happens to it?
A system with higher free energy and tends to change in such a way that they become more stable has lower free energy
Maximum stability
Equilibrium
What happens as a reaction proceeds towards equilibrium
The free energy of the mixture of reactants and products decreases free energy increases when I reaction is somehow pushed away from equilibrium raspberry moving some of the product and this changing their concentration relative to that of the reactant
True or false. A process is spontaneous and can’t perform work only when it is moving towards the equilibrium
True
Exergonic
Energy outward
Ergonic
Energy outward
Exergonic reaction
Process with a net release of free energy
When bonds break do they release or not release energy
They do not release energy but require energy because energy is stored in bonds
Endergonic reactions
Absorbs free energy from its surroundings because this kind of reaction essentially stores free energy molecule free energy increases and this positive unlike when it decreases and loses energy from the other reaction
What three main kinds of work does a cell do?
Chemical work (energy for nonspontaneous like synthesis), transport work (pushing substances across membrane), and mechanical work (cell movements)
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate and contains sugar ribose, nitrogen base adenine, and three phosphate groups
Enzyme
Macromolecule that acts like a catalyst
