Topic list C Flashcards
C1 - Meninges of the brain and spinal cord, blood supply of the brain
1.Dura mater (outermost):
-Dura mater spinalis: epidural space, int. vertbral venous plexus, dural tube, filum terminale
-Dura mater encephali: falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli membranaceum, diaphragma sellae
-Cavum subdurale: bw. 1 and 2
2.Arachnoidea:
-Cavum subarachnoideale: bw. 2 and 3, filled w. liquor cerebrospinalis, contain cisterna -subarachnoideales, -cerebromedullaris, -valleculae lat. cerebri, chiasmatis, interpeduncularis
3.Pia mater: pial sleeves, fissura vent. (spinal cord)
Blood supply:
-Arterial circle, formed by:
1.A.com.rost: L+R A.cerebri rost
2.Aa.com.cau: A.carotis int+A.basilaris
3.Aa.cerebri rostrales
*A.cerebri rost->med.hemisphere (A.ophtalmica int.->A.meningea rost.)
*A.cerebri media->lat.hemisphere
*A.cerebri cau->occip.lobes
*A.cerebelli rost.->cerebellum
*A.cerebelli cau.->cerebellum
-Dorsal vein system: Sinus -saggitalis dors, -rectus, -transversus(-temporalis+sigmoideus)
-Ventral vein system (basilar): sinus cavernosus-> -basilaris+petrosus vent.+intercavernosus
C2 - Medulla spinalis, the spinal segment, formation of the spinal nerve, blood supply
Medulla spinalis: spinal cord
-Intumescentia cervicalis+lumbalis
-Conus medullaris (end)->philum terminale
-Cauda equina
-Substantia grisea (grey matter, in middle)):
*Canalis centralis
*Cornu -dorsale (apex+subst. gelatinosa) +-vent+-lat.
*Commissura grisea
*Substantia intermedia -cent. + -lat.
-Substantia alba (white matter):
*Funiculi medullae spinalis dors+vent+lat
*Commussura alba (vent. et dors.)
Spinal cord:
*Sulcus medianus+lat. dors.+intermed. dors.+lat. vent.
*Fissura mediana
*Canalis centralis
*Septum medium dorsale
*Spinal ganglia
*Spinal nerves-through foramen intervertebrale
Formation of spinal nerve: by union of dors. and vent. roots, which divide into dors. and vent. primary rami->for.intervert.
Blood supply:
-A.spinalis ventralis
-A.spinalis dors.
Veins: drain into v.vertebralis/v.c.cran/v.azygos/v.c.cau
-Plexus vertebralis ext. dors.
-Pl. vert. int. vent.
-V.intervertebralis
-Vv.spinales
-Rami spinales
-Rami interarcuales
-Vv.basivertebrales
C3 - Rhombencephalon
-Hindbrain
-Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata (cau)
-Metencephalon: pons and cerebellum (rost.)
-Enclose the fourth ventricle
-Cr.nerve 5-10, 12
Medulla oblongata:
Ventral:
-Pedunculus cerebellaris medius
-Fissura mediana
-Pyramis medullae oblongata
-Sulcus lat. vent.
-Corpus trapezoidum
-Oliva (cat/primates/pig)
-Tuberculum faciale vent. (paired)
-Origin of: cran. n. V, VI, VII, VIII and XI, X, XI
Dorsal:
-Sinus medianus
-Tuberculum nuclei gracilis
-Tuberculum nuclei cutaneus
-Sulcus intermed. dors.
-Sulcus lat. dors.
-Tuberculum faciale dors.
-Pedunculus cerebellaris caudalis
Pons: bridge bw. medulla oblongata and mesenceph.
-contains: Transverse fibers, cell groups of cerebrocerebellar pathway and rost. part of tegmentum rhombencephalon.
Vent:
-Sulcus basilaris
-Pedunculus cerebellaris medius
-Tegmentum pontis
4th ventricle:
-Tegmen ventriculi quart: roof
-Obex
-Velum medullare cau+rost
-Tenia ventriculi quarti
-Fossa rhomboidea:
*Trigonum nervi hypoglossi+vagi
*Locus ceruleus
Cerebellum:
-Transverse fissure (sep. from cerebral hemispheres)
-Hemispherum cerebelli
-Tentorium cerebelli
-Vermis
-Lobus flocculonodularis (balance)
-Folia cerebelli
-Fissura cerebelli
-Sulci cerebelli
-Vallecula cerebelli
-Corpus cerebelli
-Lobus rost + cau
-Fissura uvulonodularis
-In medulla:
*Nuclei fastigi
*Nucleus lat. cerebelli
*Nuclei interposti: lat+med
-Attached to brainstem by:
*Pedunculus cerebellaris cau+med+rost
C30 - Vagina and female utethra, blood supply and innervation
- A.pudenda ext->r.labialis vent
- A.pudenda int->A.perinealis vent, A.clitoridis, A.vaginalis
- A.perinealis vent->A.labialis dors.
- A.clitoridis: A.prof.clitoridis, a.dors.clitoridis, a.bulbi clitoridis
- Parasymp: pelvic nerves
- Symp: Caudal mesent. ggl and plexus, via hypogastric nerves and pelvic plexus
- Plexus uterovaginalis
- Nn.vaginalis
- Sacral plexus: pudendal and caudal rectal nerves
V29 - Uterus, its suspensions, blood supply and innervation
- Uterine horn: A.ovarica->R.uterinus (Eq: ex A.vaginalis)
- Uterus: A.Iliaca int->A.vaginalis->A.uterina (Eq: ex A.umbilicalis, ex.Iliaca int)
- Parasymp: pelvic plexus
- Symp: Ggl.mes.cau->N.hypogastrica->pelvic plexus
- Sensory+motor from N.pudenda+rectalis cau
C28 - Ovaries, uterine tube, their suspensions, blood supply and innervation
- Ovary: A.ovarica, V.ovarica
- Uterine tube: A.ovarica->R.tubarius
- Parasymp: sacral outflow, pelvic nerves
- Symp: cau.mes. ggl and plexus, via hypogastric nerves and pelvic plexus
C27 - Penis, muscles of the male genital organs, prepuce, blood supply and innervation
- Su, ru: flexura sigmoidea penis
- Eq+ca: musculocarvernosus
- Ru+su: fibroelastic
- Corpus cavernosum: crus dext et sin
- Corpus spongiosum: around urethra, bulbus, glans
- Prepuce: lamina ext + int
- M.bulbospongiosum
- M.ischiocarvernosum
- M.retractor penis
- M.urethralis
- Cran+cau prepuce muscle
- Penis: int iliac: A.pudenda int->A.penis->bulbi, prof, dors
- Prepuce: A.pudenda ext->r.preputialis
- Lumbar plexus: N.pudenda->prepuce+penis
- N.rettactor cau+N.perinealis prof: mm.
- Autonomic: pelvic plexus and parasymp pelvic nerves
C26 - Ductus deferens, avvessory male genital organs
- Ductus deferens: epididymis->urethra
- Funiculus spermaticus
- Mesoductus deferens
- Enter plica genitalis
- Ampulla ductus deferens: not in cat, su
- Ductus ejaculatorius, ostium ejac.
- Vesicular glands: Ø ca
- Prostate gland: all
- Capsula+corpus prostate
- Pars disseminata (glandular layer)
- Eq: isthmus prostatae, no pars diss.
- R+L lobes in ca, eq, ox
- Bulbiurethral gland: Ø dog
- Paired, each w. excretory duct (-Eq, 3-4 for each)
C25 - Scrotum, testis, epididymis, blood supply and innervation
- Cutis scroti
- Tunica dartos -> Septum scroti
- Fascia spermatica ext
- M.cremaster
- Fascia sperm int
- Tunica vaginalis: cavum vaginale (capillary space)
- Scrotum: A.pudenda ext->R.scrotalis+A.cremasterica
- Testis: A.abdominalis->A.testicularis, V.testicularis
- Epididymis: A.testicularis+rr.epididymales
- Scrotum: N.pudendus->Nn.scrotales dors, N.genitofemorale->R.genitalis
- Testis+epid: plexus testicularis->symp
C24 - Urinary tract, blood supply and innervation
- Renal pelvis
- Ureter
- Urinary bladder
- Utethra:
- Male: Eq+Ru: proc.urethralis, pars preprostatica+pelvina+spongiosa
- Female: cow+su: diverticulum suburethrale
- M.urethralis, M.sphincter urethrae
- Lig.vesicae lat+med, Lig.teres vesicae
- Ureter: R.uretericus from A.renalis, A.vaginalis/prostatica, A.umbilicalis
- Bladder: A.umbilicalis->A.vesicae cran, A.epig.cau->A.vesicar med, A.vaginalis/prostatica->A.vesica cau
- Urethra: R.utethralis from A.vaginalis/prostatica, A.pudenda int, A.vesicalis cau
- Autonomic: N.hypigastricus(plexus med.cau->plexus vesicalis cran+cau), N.n.pelvini (plexus pelvinus)
- Sensory: Pudendal nerve
C20 - plexus brachialis
- Supply forelimb
- From C6,7,8, Th1+2
1. N.thoracicus longus: C7. M.serratus vent. thoracis
2. N.thoracodorsalis: C8. M.latissimus dorsi
3. N.thoracicus lat: C8,Th1+2. M.cutaneus trunci, skin
4. N.pectoralis cran: C6,7,8. M.pect.supf. Eq: M.subclavius
5. N.pectoralis cau: C8, Th1+2. M.pect.prof.
6. N.subscapularis: C6,7. M.subscapularis.
7. N.suprascapularis: C6,7. M.infra+supra-spinatus.
8. N.musculocutaneus: C7,8. - R.muscularis prox.: M.coracobrachialis, M.biceps brachii
- R.muscularis dist: M.brachialis
- Anastamoses w. N.medianus (ca: r.communicans)
- Cont. as N.cutaneus antebrachii medialis: sensory to antebrachium, carpus and MC
9. N.axillaris: C7. Flexors of shoulder; M.teres major+minor and M.deltoideus. - N.cutaneus brachii lat: skin on lat. of antebrachium
- N.cutaneus antebrachii cran: skin over m.ext.carpi rad.
10. N.radialis: C7,8,Th1+2. - R.musculares: M.triceps brachii, M.tensor fascia antebrachii, M.anconeus
- N.cutaneus antebrachii lat. cau: skin over triceps caput lat.
- R.supf: N.cutaneus antebrachii lat. (skin over dig.ext. muscles), R.lat (ca+su) (Nn.digitales dorsales communis+Nn.digitales dors. proprii)
- R.prof: rami musculares: ext. muscles of forearm
11. N.mediuanus: C8,Th1+2 - Rami musculares: flexors muscles of forearm
- N.interossea antebrachii: periosteum
12. N.ulnaris: C8, Th1+2 - Ca: common trunk w. N.medianus
- N.cutaneus antebrachii cau
- Rami musculares: flexors muscles of forearm
- R.dors: skin on lat. of foot
- R.palmaris: M.interosseus and small muscles of foot
C21 - Plexus lumbales
- Pl. lumbosacralis: pl.lumbales+sacralis
- Ramus ventralis of L1-6
1. N.iliohypogastricus: L1. Skin and muscles of flank - Rami cutaneus lat. et vent.
- R.lateralis: M.obliquus ext. + int. abd. Cont. as R.subcutaneus lat. to abd. wall
- R.medialis: M.transversus abd., M.obliquus int. abd., peritoneum
- ca+su: -cran: L1
- ca+su: -cau: L2
2. N.ilioinguinalis: L2/L3. Same as iliohypogastricus.
3. N.genitofemoralis: Eq+Ru: L2+3, ca+su: L3+4 - R.genitalis: Through ing.canal. Scrotum/testis, fascia spermatica, M.cremaster, prepuce, mammary complex, vulva
- R.femoralis: skin on med of thigh
4. N.cutaneus femoris lat.: L3+4. Front+lat of skin of thigh
5. N.femoralis: L3-6. Run within M.iliopsoas. - N.saphenus: after femoral canal, mixed but only sensory in ca
- Rr.musculares: Mm.iiliopsoas, M.psoas minor, M.quadriceps femoris, M.sartorius, M.pectineus
- Rr.cutanei: skin on med of crus, tarsus and MT
6. N.obturatorius: L4-6. Only motor fibers. - R.cran: adductors of thigh
- R.cau: adductor muscles, M.obt.ext., M.obt.int(Ru+su)
C22-Plexus sacralis
-Supply cau muscles of thigh, entire lower leg and foot and skin
-Two plexuses: pudendalis + ischiadicus
Plexus pudendalis:
1.From S1-S3:
-Rr. musculi coccygei: tail. Ca+su+Eq: ex. Nn.sacrales with Nn.rectalis cau.
-Rr.musculares levatoris ani: same as above
2.N.pudendus: motor+sensory+parasymp.
-R.cutaneus prox. et dist: anus + skin
-N.perinealis supf: female: nn.labialis (skin of vulva), male. nn.scoratels dors (skin of scrotum+prepuce)
-N.perinealis prof: perineal muscles, muscles of penis, glans penis
-Cont as: male: r.preputialis et scrotales and n.dors.penis, female: r.mammarius and n.dors.clit.
3.Nn.rectalis cau:
-ca: one nerve from N.pudendus
-rr.cutanei: sensory to skin and anus
-rr.musculares: motor to M.sphincter ani ext., M.retractor penis/clitoris and M.bulbospongiosus
4.Caudal nerves: 5-8 depending on species
Plexus ischiadicus:
-Tr.lumbosacralis: last lumbar and first 2 sacral
1.N.glut.cran: Motor. M.glut.med+prof. and M.tensor fascia latae
2.N.glut.cau: Motor: M.glut.supf, part os M.biceps femoris and M.semitendinosus
3.N.cutaneus femoris cau: skin over tuber ischiadicum and cau. thigh
4.N.ischiadicus: cont. of Tr.lumbosacralis dist. M.gemelli, M.quadratus femoris and M.obt.int.
*N.tibialis and N.fibularis comm.
a) N.tibialis: M.gastrocnemicus, M.flex.dig.supf.+prof., M.popliteus
-N.cutaneus surae cau: skin
-N.plantaris med. et lat.
b) N.fibularis comm:
-N.cutaneis surae lat: skin
-N.fibularis supf: skin over dors. of leg and whole foot (ØEq-end at fetlock)
-N.fibularis prof: dorsolat muscle of leg and sensory to structures of foot
C4 - Mesencephalon, diemcephalon
Mesencephalon: midbrain
-Crura cerebri, fossa interpeduncularis
-Aqueductua mesenc.
*surrounded by central grey
-Pedunculus cerebri: crus cerebri+tegmentum mesenc. Cr.nerve III
*Subst. nigra: sep. tegmentum from crus cerebri
*Nucl.ruber
-Tectum mesenc.: roof
*Cau+rost swellings: colliculus cau+rost
*
*Stria griseum+medullare
Diencephalon: part of proencephalon
-3 parts: epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
-Develop walls and floor of 3.ventricle
-Epithalamus: most dors
*Pineal gland
*Stria habenularis thalami: fiber bundle
*Habenulae: nuclear complex
*Commisura habenularum: connect R+L habenular nuclei
-Thalamus: largest, many nuclei
*Adhesia interthalamica: connect R+L
*Extensions to lamina terminalis grisea rostrally, midbrain caudally
*Subthalamus: subthalamic+endopeduncular nuclei, zona incerta
*Metathalamus: corpus geniculatum med et lat
-Hypothalamus: form lat walls of 3.ventricle
*Bw.preoptic region and cerebral peduncules
*Sep from thalamus by sulcus hypothalamicus
*Tuber cinareum
*Corpus mamillare
*Lat.hypothalamus: nuclei tuberis lat (alimentation center)
*Mediobasal hypothalamus: control of endocrine, sexual behaviour and visceral function
*Nucl. supraopticua+paraventricularis (water function)
*Nucl.suprachiasmaticus (bio.clock)
*Nucl.hypothalamicus dorsomed+ventromed
*Nucl.infundibularis
C5-Telencephalon
- Part of proencephalon
- Paired cerebral hemispheres
- Fissura longitudinalis
- Lamina terminalis grisea: rost wall of 3.ventricle
- Corpus striatum
- Pallium: wall/Cortex: outer grey subst.
1. Paleopallium: ventral,oldest, olfactory - Bulbus olfactorius->Tractus olf.com->lat et med
- Olfactory n.
- Pedunculus olfactorius
2. Archipallium: medial, limbic system
3. Neopallium: dorsal, youngest, largest and functionally dominant - Gyri, sulcus
- Lobus frontalis: motor+sensory+prefrontal cortex
- L. parietalis: motor/somasthetic sensory cortex(pain)
- L.occipitalis: visual
- L.temporalis: auditory
- Basal nuclei: dors to paleopallium
- Olfaction, sensory, regulation of motor function
- Nucl.caudatus+lentiformis(globus pallidus+putamen)
- Amygdala: synapses to olfactory pathway
- Claustrum: lamina of grey matter
