Final dissection - topic overview

Question 1

Topic 1: gl. parotis, ductus parotideus, ln. parotideus, n. facialis, n. auriculotemporalis

Answer 1

• N.facialis(VII):
• N.auricularis caudalis
• N.auriculopaplebralis (R.aur.rost.+R.zygomaticus->Pl.aur.rost.)
• R.buccalis dors.
• R.buccalis vent.
• N.auriculotemporalis: ex.N.mandibularis (V3)
• R.communicans ->R.buccalis dors.
• R.transversus faciei
• R.auriculares rost.

Question 2

Topic 2: n. auriculopalpebralis r. zygomaticus, n. zygomaticotemporalis, n. zygomaticofacialis, n. frontalis, gl. lacrimalis

Answer 2

-N.auriculopalpebralis: ex.N.facielis(VII)
*R.zygomaticus: R.palpebralis
(fuses with N.auriculopalpebralis, N.lacrimale and N.frontale and make Pl.aur.rost)
*R.auricalares rost.
-N.zygomaticotemporalis: ex.N.maxillaris (V2)
-N.zygomaticofacialis: ex.N.maxillaris (V2)
-N.frontalis: ex.N.ophthalmicus (V1)

Question 3

Topic 3: m. nasolabialis, n. infraorbitalis, n. buccalis, n. mentalis, v. facialis and its branches, gl. zygomatica

Answer 3

• N.infraorbitalis: ex.N.maxillaris (V2)
• N. buccalis: ex. N.mandibularis (V3)
• N.mentalis: ex. N.mandibularis (V3)
• V.facialis: ex. V.linguofacialis->V.jugularis ext.->V.subcl.sin.+dext.
• V.profunda faciei
• V.labialis inf.
• V.angularis oris
• V.labialis sup.
• V.lat.nasi
• V.dors.nasi
• V.angularis oculi

Question 4

Topic 4: m. digastricus, gl. mandibularis, gl. sublingualis and their ducts, lc. mandibulare, ln retropharyngeus medialis, v. linguofacialis, v. maxillaris

Answer 4

• Gl. mandibularis: ductus mandibularis
• Gl. sublingualis: monostomatic and polystomatic part. Ductus sublingualis
• Caruncula sublingualis
• V.linguofacialis: ex. V.jugularis ext.
• V.facialis
• V.lingualis: Arcus hyoideus (R.submentalis), V.sublingualis, V.prof.linguae
• V.maxillaris: ex. V.jugularis ext.
• V.aur.cau.
• V.temporalis supf.: V.transversa faciei
• V.aur.rost.

Question 5

Topic 5: n. hypoglossus, a. lingualis, n. lingualis, n. sublingualis, n. mylohyoideus, n. alveolaris mandibularis, mm. pterygoidei

Answer 5

-N.hypoglossus (XII): divides into muscular branches as in enters tongue (Motor)
-A.lingualis: ex. A.carotis ext. Called A.lingualis prof. when entering tongue. (Sensory)
-N.lingualis: ex. N.mandibularis (V3)
*N.sublingualis (runs w. duct.mandib.+subling.)
N.alveolaris inferior: ex. N.mandibularis (V3)
*N.mylohyoideus (Motor)
-N.alveolaris mandibularis: from N.mandibularis (V3)
-Mm.pterygoideus: lat. and med.

Question 6

Topic 6: tongue, its musculature, nerves and blood supply

Answer 6

-Apex- corpus- and radix linguae
-Facies vent. linguae
-Dorsum linguae
-Frenulum linguae
-Sulcus medianus linguae
-Caruncula sublingialis
-Lyssa (ca)
-Plica+arcus palatoglossus
-Plica glossoepiglottica med+lat
-Pars gustatoria: vallate, fungiform, foliate
-Mechanical papillae: conical, filiform, marginal
-Extrinsic muscles: M.styloglossus, M.hyoglossus, M.genioglossus
-Intrinsic muscles: M.lingialis proprius; fibrae longitudinalis supf, transversus and perpendicularis
-Blood supply:
-A.lingualis->A.lingualis prof.
(A.sublingualis. Ex. A.facialis)
-A.linguofacialis->V.lingualis: Arcus hyoideus, V.sublingualis, V.prof.linguae
-Nerves:
1.N.hypoglossus (XII)
2.N.lingualis (ex. V3): N.sublingualis
3.N.glossopharyngeus (IX)

Question 7

Topic 7: a. carotis externa and its branches, vagus group, ggl. cervicale craniale

Answer 7

• A.carotis ext: ex. A.carotis com.
  1. A.occipitalis
  2. A.laryngea cran.
  3. A.lingualis
  4. A.facialis
  5. A.aur.cau
  6. A.temp.spf.: A.transvera faciei, A.aur.rost.
  7. A.maxillaris
• Vagus group:
• N.glossopharyngeus(IX)
• N.vagus(X): Tr.vagosymphatetic, Ggl.distale
• N.accessorius(XI)
• Ggl. cervicale cran.: ex. N.symphateticus

Question 8

Topic 8: soft palate, radix linguae, cavum pharyngis, aditus oesophagi

Answer 8

Soft palate-palatum molle:
-Mm. of soft palate: M.levator veli palatini, M.tensor veli palatini, M.palatinus
-Tonsilla palatina, plica semilunaris
-Plica+arcus palatoglossus
-Plica+arcus palatopharyngea
Radix linguae: 
-Papilla cornicae+vallate
-Plica glossoepiglottica med.+lat
-Vallecula epiglottica
Cavum pharyngis: 
-Openings: 
*Choanae x2
*Ostium tubae auditivae x2
*Isthmus faucium
*Auditus oesophageus
*Auditus laryngeus
-Ostium interpharyngeum
-Oro-, naso- and laryngopharynx
-Recessus piriformis
-Limen pharyngoosophageum

Question 9

Topic 9: mm. constrictores pharyngis medii et caudales, m. sternohyoideus, m. sternothyreoideus, m.
hyothyreoideus, gl. thyreoidea

Answer 9

Mm. constrictores pharyngis medii et caudales: (rostral), medii and caudal
(Rostral: M.pterygopharyngeus, M.palatopharyngeus)
-Medii: M.hyopharyngeus
-Caudal: M.thyropharyngeus, M.cricopharyngeus

Question 10

Topic 10: larynx, nerves and blood supply

Answer 10

• Cartilages: epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid
• Thyroidea: lamina dext+sin, for.thyroideum
• Cricoid: crista mediana
• Arytenoid: proc. vocalis, muscularis and corniculatis
• Articulations: thyrohyoidea, cricothyreoidea,
• Extrinsic mm.:
• M.thyrohyoideus
• M.sternothyroideus
• Intrinsic mm:
• M.cricothyroideus
• M.cricoarytenoideus dors.+lat.
• M.thyroarytenoideus
• M.arytenoideus transversus
• M.vocalis
• M.ventricularis
• Blood supply:
• R.laryngeus cau.: ex. A.thyroidea cran.->A.carotis com.
• A.laryngeus cran.: ex. A.carotis ext.
• Nerves: from N.vagus(X)
• N.laryngeus cran.: R.ext.+int.
• N.laryngeus cau.: ex. N.recurrent laryngeus

Question 11

Topic 11: m. sternocleidomastoideus, m. omotransversarius, arteria et lc. cervicale superficiale, n.accessorius, n.suprascapularis

Answer 11

• Intersectio clavicularis
• M.sternocleidomastoideus:
• M.sternocephalicus: M.sternomastoideus+M.sternooccipitalis
• M.brachiocephalicus: M.cleidobrachialis+M.cleidocephalicus; cleidomastoideus+cleidocervicalis
• A.cervicalis spf.: ex. A.subclavia:
• A.suprascapularis
• R.deltoideus
• R.acromialis
• R.ascendens
• Continues as A.praescapularis
• N.accessorius (XI)
• N.suprascapularis: ex. C6/C7

Question 12

Topic 12: muscles of the thoracic girdle (except m. sternocleidomastoideus), nn. pectorales craniales,
nn. pectorales caudales, n. thoracicus longus, n. thoracicus lateralis, n. thoracodorsalis

Answer 12

• Muscles:
• M.latissimus dorsi
• M.trapezius (pars cervicalis+thoracica)
• M.rhomboideus (pars capitis, cervicis+thoracis)
• M.serratus ventralis (cervicis+thoracic)
• M.omotransversarius
• M.pectoralis prof.
• M.pectoralis supf. (descendens+transversus)
• Nn.pectorales cran: ex. C6, C7 and C8
• Nn.pectorales cau: ex. C8, T1 and T2
• N.thoracicus longus: ex. C7
• N.thoracicus lat.: ex. C8, Th1, Th2
• N.thoracodorsalis: ex. C8 mainly (+C6,C7)

Question 13

Topic 13: the root of plexus brachialis and branches at this level, mm. scaleni, a. et lc. axillaris

Answer 13

• Pl.brachialis: vent. branches of C6, C7, C8, Th1-Th2
• N.thoracicus longus: ex. C7
• N.thoracodorsalis: ex. C8 mainly (+C6,C7)
• N.thoracicus lat.: ex. C8, Th1, Th2
• N.subscapularis (C6,7)
• N.suprascapularis ((C5),6,7)
• N.axillaris (C6,7,8)
• Nn.pectorales cran: ex. C6, C7 and C8
• Nn.pectorales cau: ex. C8, T1 and T2
• Mm.scaleni: med. and dors.
• A.axillaris: ex. A.subclavia.
  1. A.thoracica ext.
  2. A.thoracica lat.
  3. A.subscapularis (A.circumflexa humeri cau., A.collateralis radialis, A.thoracodorsalis, A.circumflexa scapulae)
  7. Continues as A.brachialis
• Lc.axillaris: Ln.axillaris proprii and accessorii

Question 14

Topic 14: n. medianus, n. ulnaris, n. radialis, n. musculocutaneus, a. brachialis till the elbow joint

Answer 14

• N.medianus: from C8, T1+2
• R.communicans bw. medianus and musculocut., around A.brachialis
• N.ulnaris: ex. C8, T1+2
• R.cutaneus antebrachii cau.
• N.radialis: ex. C7+8, T1+2
• R.prof (lat+med)
• R.supf (lat+med)
• N.musculocutaneus: ex. C6+7+8
• R.com.
• A.brachialis: ex. A.axillaris
• A.circumflexa humeri cran
• A.prof. brachii
• A.bicipitalis
• A.collateralis ulnaris
• A.brachialis spf. (A.antebrachialis spf. cran. r. med.+lat.)
• A.transversa cubiti
• Contin. as A.mediana

Question 15

Topic 15: carpal and digital extensors of the forelimb, its nerves; superficial venous system and its
relationship to the deep system in the forelimb and to the v. jugularis externa

Answer 15

-Retinaculum extensorium
Muscles:
-M.extensor carpi radialis
-M.extensor carpi ulnaris
-M.supinator brevis
-M.brachioradialis
-M.extensor digitorum communis
-M.ext.dig.lat.
-M.abductor digiti I [pollicis] longus
Nerves: N.radialis
Veins: 
-V.cephalica: ex.V.jug.ext.
*V.axillobrachialis (links to V.axillaris, gives off V.omobrachialis->V.jug.ext.)
*V.mediana cubiti (links to V.brachialis)
*V.cephalica accessoria (dist. from dors. vv. of paw)
-V.brachials
*V.brachialis supf.

Question 16

Topic 16: carpal and digital flexors of the forelimb, their nerves, blood supply of the forearm

Answer 16

-Retinaculum flexorium
Muscles: 
-M.flexor carpi radialis
-M.flexor carpi ulnaris: caput humerale+ulnare
-M.pronator teres
-M.pronator quadratus
-M.extensor carpi ulnaris
-M.flexor digitorum spf.
-M.flexor dig. prof.: caput humerale+radiale+ulnare
Nerves: N.medianus, N.ulnaris
Blood supply: A.mediana ex. A.brachialis
1.A.prof.antebrachii
2.A.interossea com.: A.ulnaris, A.recurrens interossea, A.interossea cran., A.interossea cau.
3.A.radialis

Question 17

Topic 17: medial muscles of the thigh, canalis femoralis and its features, lymphnodes and superficial
veins of the hindlimb

Answer 17

Muscles: sartorius (pars cra+cau), gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor magnus et brevis
Canalis femoralis:
-Cran. by cau. sartorius, cau. by pectineus, prox. by inguinal lig., med. by iliopsoas, lat. by femoral fascia
-Trigonum femorale
-Ln.popliteus superficialis
-A.femoralis: ex. A.iliaca ext. 
1.A.circumflexa ilium spf.
2.A.circumflexa ilium lat.
3.A.cau. femoris prox.
4.A.saphena
5.A. genus descendens
6.A. cau. femoris media
7.A.cau. femoris dist.
-V.femoralis: ex. V.becomes V.poplitea by knee.
-V.femoralis: same as A.femoralis, except V.saphena medialis; R.cra+cau
-V.saphena lat. ex. V.cau.fem.dist.
*R.cran+cau
-N.saphena: ex. N.femoralis

Question 18

Topic 18: lumbar muscles, plexus lumbalis

Answer 18

• Muscles: M.psoas minor, M.iliopsoas (M.psoas major+M.iliacus), M.quadratus lumborum
• Pl.lumbalis:
  1. N.iliohypogastric cran. (L1) (w. A.abd.cran. from A.phrenicoabd.)
  2. N.iliohypogastric cau. (L2)
  3. N.ilioinguinalis (L3)
  4. N.cutaneus femoralis lat. (L4) (w. A.circumflexa ilium prof.)
  5. N.genitofemoralis (L3+4) (next to M.psoas min, through ing.canal)
  6. N.femoralis (L4+5+6) (inside M.psoas maj.)
  7. N.obturatorius (L4+5+6) (bw. V.iliaca ext.+int)

Question 19

Topic 19: n. ischiadicus, n. gluteus cranialis, n. gluteus caudalis, dorsal, caudal and deep muscles of
the buttock

Answer 19

• L6, L7, S1 and S2 form isciatic complex
• N.ischiadicus: ex. L6,L7, S1,S2
• muscular branches to mm. of thigh
• N.fibularis communis: N.cutaneus surea lat.
• N.tibialis: N.cutaneus surea cau.
• N.gluteus cran.: ex. L6,L7,S1.
• N.gluteus cau.: ex. L7,S1,S2
• Dorsal mm.: M.gluteus spf., M.gluteus medius, M.gluteus prof., M.piriformis
• Cau. mm.: M.tensor fascia lata, M.biceps femoris, M. abductor cruris cau., M.semimembranosus, M.semitendinosus
• Deep mm.: M.obturatorius ext.+int., M.gemelli, M.quadratus femoris

Question 20

Topic 20: stifle joint, m. quadriceps femoris, m. popliteus

Answer 20

-Outside:
1.Retinaculum patellae
2.Lig.patellae
3.Lig.collaterale lat.
4.Lig.collaterale med.
5.Lig.femoropatellare lat.
6.Lig.femoropatellare med.
-Inside - structures:
1.Corpus adiposum infrapatellare
2.Bursa infrapatellaris
3.Recessus suprapatellaris
4.Recessus subextensorius
5.Recessus subpopliteus
6.Meniscus medialis
7.Meniscus lateralis
8.Fibrocartilago parapatellaris
-Inside - ligaments:
1.Lig.transversum genus (1)
(Ligg.meniscotibialis:)
2.Lig.craniale menisci lat. (4)
3.Lig.craniale menisci med. (2)
4.Lig.caudale menisci lat. (7)
5.Lig.caudale menisci med. (6)
6.Lig.cruciatum cran. (3)
7.Lig.cruciatum cau. (5)
8.Lig.meniscofemorale (8)
9.Lig.popliteum obliquum (9)

Question 21

Topic 21: tarsal flexors and digital extensors of the hindlimb, their nerves and vessels

Answer 21

-Tarsal flexors: M.tibialis cran., M.peroneus longus+brevis
-Digital extensors: M.extensor digitorum longus+lateralis, M.ext. digiti I [hallucis] longus
-N.fibularis communis; N.fibularis spf.+prof.
-A/V.tibialis cran.:
*A.tibialis cran: R.superficialis
(R.supf. anastamoses w. A.saphena r.cran. prox. to tarsus)

Question 22

Topic 22: tarsal extensors and digital flexors of the hindlimb, their nerves and vessels

Answer 22

Tendo calcaneus communis:
1.Tendo m.gastrocnemii (Achilli)
2.Tendo plantaris (M.ext.dig.supf)
3.Tendo accessorius (lat. from M.biceps brachii, med. from M.gracilis and M.semitendinosus)
-Bw. skin and tendo plantaris: bursa subcutaena calcanea
-Bw.tendo plantaris and Achilli: bursa subtendinea calc.
-Bw. tendo Achilli and access.: bursa tendinis calc.
-Tendo plantaris form galea calcanea
-Tarsal extensors: Tendo calc.com., M.tibialis cau.
-Digital flexors: M.flexor dig. supf., M.flexor dig. prof. (lat.+med. ), M.poplitea
-N.tibialis; ex. N.ischiadicus
-A.caudalis femoris dist.
-A.poplitea (ex.A.femoralis): V.tibialis cau.
-A.saphena: R.cau.
(V.saphena med. r.cau; V.peronea
-V.saphena lat.; divides into rami cr. and cau. R.cau. anastamose w. R.cau. of V.saphena med.)

Question 23

Topic 23: arcus aortae, aorta thoracica, truncus sympathicus, n. vagus (thoracic portion), n. phrenicus.

Answer 23

Arcus aorta:

1. A.brachiocervicalis:
   a) A.carotis comm. sin.
   b) -dext.
   c) A.subclavia dext.(same as sin.))
2. A.subclavia sin.:
   a) A.vertebralis
   b) Tr.costocervicalis
   c) A.cervicalis spf.
   d) A. thoracica int.: A.pericardiophrenica
   e) A.axillaris)
   - Aorta thoracica: Aa.intercostalis dors., A.bronchoesophagea
   - Tr.vagosympathicus
   - Tr.sympathicus: Ggl. cervicale+stellatum, ansa subclavia
   - N.vagus: Tr. vagalis dors. and vent. (unites at diaphragm)
   - N.phrenicus: from C5(+6+7)

Question 24

Topic 24: veins of the thoracic cavity, truncus sympathicus, n. vagus (thoracic portion), n. phrenicus

Answer 24

• V.cava cran:
  1. V.azygos dext.: V.broncho-oesophageus, Vv.intercostalis dors.
  2. V.thoracica int.: V.pericardiophrenica
  3. V.costocervicalis: V.vertebralis, V.cerivalis prof., V.scapularis dors., V.vertebralis thoracica
  4. V.brachiocephalica sin.+dext.: V.subclavia sin/dext., V.jugularis ext.
• V.cava cau.
• Tr.vagosympathicus
• Tr.sympathicus: Ggl. cervicale+stellatum, ansa subclavia
• N.vagus: Tr. vagalis dors. and vent. (unites at diaphragm)
• N.phrenicus: from C5(+6+7)

Question 25

Topic 25: heart

Answer 25

• On cone:
• Facies auricularis (L): sulcus+R.IV paraconalis, V.cordis magna
• Facies atrialis (R): sulcus+R.IV subsinosus, V.cordis media
• Apex-, basis cordis, sulcus coronarius
• Sinus transversus pericardi, sinus obliquus pericardi
• Auriculus dext.+sin.: mm.pectinati
• Inside both: Trabecula carnae, septum IV+interatriale
• A.coronaria dext.+sin.
• R.circumflexus
• Atria dex.: sinus venarum cavarum, ostium v.c.cau+cra, tuberc. intervenosum, fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, sinus coronarius, chorda tendinea
• Ventriculus dext.: conus arteriosus, crista supraventricularis, trabeculae septomarginalis, chordae tendineae,
• M.papillaris subarteriosus+parvi+magnus
• Ostium AV dext., Valva AV dext.(tricuspid): cuspis septalis+parietalis+angularis
• Ostium trunci pulmonalis, valva trunci pulmonalis: valvula semilunaris sin+dext+intermedia
• Atrium sin: ostium venarum pulmonalium
• Ventriculus sin.:
• M.papillaris subauricularis+subatrialis
• Ostium AV sin., valva AV sin.(bicuspid): cuspis septalis+parietalis
• Ostium aorta, valva aorta: valvula semilunaris septalis+dext+sin

Question 26

Topic 26: lungs, pericardium, topography of the mediastinal organs

Answer 26

Lungs-pulmo:
-Apex(cran)+basis(cau)+hilus pulmonis
-Facies costalis+medialis+diaphragmatica+interlobularis
-Margo acutus(vent)+optusus(dors)
-Dext.: lobus cran.+med.+cau+accessorius
-Sin.: lobus cran.(pars cran.+cau.)+cau.
-Bifurcatio trachea
-Bronchus principalis dext.+sin.
Pericardium:
1.Pleura pericardiaca
2.Pericardium fibrosum
3.Pericardium serosum(inner): lamina parietale+viscerale, bw. is cavum pericardii
-Lig.phrenicopericardium (from p.fibrosum)
-Sinus transversus pericardi+sinus obliquus pericardi
Topography of the mediastinal organs:
-Mediastinum: precardialis (cran, vent), cardialis (med), postcardialis (dors, cau)
-Lig.pulmonialis
-Capula pleura r+l, recessus costomediastinalis, costodiaphragmatica, lumbodiaphragmatica, mediastini, mediastinodiaphragmaticus sin., rec. sternomediastinalis

Question 27

Topic 27: abdominal wall and its nerves

Answer 27

• Muscles:
• M.obliquus ext. abd. (lig.inguinale)
• M.obliquus int.abd. (lamina ext.+int.)
• M.transversus abd.
• M.rectus abd.
• Linea alba
• Rectus sheet: (T-transverse, R-rectus, I-int.obliquue, E-ext. obliquue, P-fascia transversa abd. and peritoneum)
  1. Thoracic: E-R-thoracic wall
  2. Preumbilical: E-I-R-I-T-P
  3. Umbilical: E-I-R-T-P
  4. Postumbilical: E-I-T-R-P
• Nerves:
• Nn.intercostales
• N.costoabdominalis (Th3)
• N.iliohypogastricus cran.(L1)
• +cau.(L2) (div. into l/m)
• N.ilioinguinalis(L2+3)
• N.genitofemoralis (L3+4)

Question 28

Topic 28: canalis inguinalis, a. profunda femoris, lnn. inguinales superficiales, n. genitofemoralis

Answer 28

-Can.ing: anulus inguinalis spf.+prof.
-Spatium inguinale
-Spf. borders: crus mediale (lamina abd.) and crus laterale (lamina pelvina, from M.obliquus ext.)
-Deep borders: lig.inguinale (cau), M.obliquus int. (cran), M.rectus abd. (med)
-Goes through the ring:
*Proc./tunica vaginalis
*Male: spermatic cord, M.cremaster
*Female: round lig.+fat
*Ext. pudendal A+V
*Genitofemoral N.
A.prof. femoris: ex.A.iliaca ext.
-Cran: Tr.pudendoepigastrica:
*A.epigastrica cau.
*A.pudenda ext.: R.labialis/scrotalis vent.+A.epigastrica cau. spf.
-Cau: A.circumflexa femoris med.
-Lnn. inguinalis spf.: normally 2
-N.genitofemoralis: from L3+4, femoral and genital branches

Question 29

Topic 29: diaphragm, odd branches of the aorta abdominalis, ggl. coeliacum, ggl. mesentericum
craniale, ggl. mesentericum caudale

Answer 29

-Diaphragm layers: 1.pleura, 2.fascia endothoracica, 3.M.phrenicus, 4.Fascia transversa abdominis, 5.Peritoneum
-Corona muscularis: pars sternalis+costalis+lumbalis(crus dext), crus sin.
-Trigonum lumbocostalis, arcus lumbocostalis
-Centrum tendineum
-Hiatus aorticus+oesophagus, foramen vene cava
Odd branches of aorta abd.:
1.A.coliaca:
a)A.lienalis b)A.gastrica sin. c) A.hepatica
2.A.mesenterica cran. (A.pancreaticoduodenalis cau., Aa.jejunales, Aa.ilei, A.ileocolica, A.colica dext+meda)
3.A.mesenterica cau.: (A.colica sin., A.rectalis cran.)
-Ggl. ex. N.vagus (X)
-Solar plexus: ggl. coeliacum+ggl. mesentericum
craniale

Question 30

Topic 30: pelvic branches of the aorta abdominalis and the v. cava caudalis, parietal lymphnodes of the
abdomen

Answer 30

Aorta abd.:
1.A.phrenicoabdominalis: A.phrenica cau.+A.abd.cran.
-Aa.lumbalis
2.A.ovarica/testicularis
3.A.renalis
4.A.circumflexa ilium prof.
5.A.iliaca ext. (->A.femoralis)
6.A.iliaca int.
7.A.sacralis mediana->A.coccygea mediana
V.c.cau.: 
1.V.phrenicoabdominalis: V.phrenica cau.+V.abd.cran.
-Vv.lumbalis
2.V.circumflexa ilium prof.
3.V.renalis
4.V.ovarica/testicularis
5.V.iliaca comm.: V.iliaca ext.(->V.femoralis)+V.iliaca int.
Parietal lymphnodes:
-Lnn.lumbales aortici
-Lnn.iliaci mediales
-Lnn.sacrales

Question 31

Topic 31: region analis, n. pudendus, a. pudenda interna

Answer 31

Region analis:
-Muscles: M.coccygeus, M.levator ani, M.sphincter ani ext.(+int.)
-Canalis analis: 
1.Zona cutanea (w. anal sacks)
2.Zna intermedialis (w. sinus paranalis)
3.Zona columnaris (longitudinal folds)
N.pudendus: ex. S1-3(mainly 3) (Gives Nn.rectalis cau., N.perinealis spf.+prof. and N.dors. penis/clitoridis)
A.pudenda int.: ex A.Iliaca int.
1.A.rectalis cau.
2.A.perinealis vent.
3.A.penis/clitoridis

Question 32

Topic 32: penis and its musculature, scrotum, testis, funiculus spermaticus, their nerves and blood
supply

Answer 32

PENIS:
-Ca+Eq: musculocarvernous (Ru+su: fibroelastic)
-Radix-, bulbus-, corpus- , glans penis
-Preputium
-Corpus cavernosum penis (septum penis)
-Corpus spongiosum penis+glandis
-Os penis
-Mm of penis: M.retractor penis, M.ischiocarvernosus, M.bulbospongiosus
SCROTUM
-Layers of scrotum: 1.Cutis scroti, 2.Tunica dartos 3.Fascia spermatica ext., 4.M.cremaster, 5.Fascia sperm. int., 6.Tunica vaginalis
-Septum scroti
TESTIS:
-Extremitas caudata+capitata
-Bursa testicularis
-Tunica albuginea
-Epididymis: -caput-, -corpus, cauda
-Lig.testis proprium, lig.cauda epididymis
-Funiculus spermaticus: mesofuniculus, plica ductus deferens, plica vasculosa, pl.pampiniformis
Nerves and blood supply:
-A.penis ex. A.pudenda int.
*A.dorsalis penis->along penis
-A.testicularis ex. Aorta abd.
-V.testicularis ex. V.c.cau.
-N.pudendus: N.penis and rr.preputales
-N.genitofemoralis: R.genitalis

Question 33

Topic 33: serous duplicatures of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Answer 33

• Peritoneum: parietale+viscerale, cavum peritonei
  1. Omentum:
• majus; supf.+deep layer, recessus cau.omentalis+lienalis
• minus; of lig.hepatogastricum+lig.hepatoduodenalis, velum omentale, inside; vestibulum bursa omentalis
• For.epiploicum
• Bursa omentalis
  2. Excavatio: fossa pararectalis, excavatio rectogentalis, -vesico/urogenitalis, -pubovesicalis
  3. Lig bladder/vesicae: lig.vesicae med.+lat., lig.teres vesicae (inside lat.)
  4. Lig. of liver/hepatis: lig.falciforme, lig.teres hepatis, lig.coronarium, lig.triangulare dext./sin., lig.hepatorenalis, lig.hepatogastricum, lig.hepatoduodenalis
  5. Plicas: duodenocolica, ileocaecalis,
  6. Mentery: mesoduodenum, mesenterium(mesojejunum+mesoileum), mesocolon (asc.+transv.+desc.), mesorectum

Question 34

Topic 34: liver, spleen, stomach and their suspension

Answer 34

• Liver:
• Facies diaphragmatica+visceralis
• Margo obtusus+acutus
• Impressio renalis
• Vesica felleae
• Lobus hepatis: -sin.+dext. (med.+lat.), -quadratus, -caudata (proc. papillaris+caudatus)
• Porta hepatis (hilus)
• Lig.falciforme, lig.teres hepatis, lig.coronarium, lig.triangulare dext./sin., lig.hepatorenalis, lig.hepatogastrium, lig.hepatoduodenalis
• Ductus hepaticus dext.+sin, -hepatici, -comm., -cysticus, -choledochus
• Spleen:
• Fascies viscerale+parietalis
• Margo cr.+cau.
• Extremitas dors.+vent.
• Hilus; A.lienalis+nerves
• Lig.gastrolienalis, velum omentale(->colon)
• Stomach:
• Facies parietalis+visceralis
• Curvatura major+minor
• Fundus ventriculi->pars cardiaca->corpus ventriculi->pars pylorica
• Suspensions: Omentum major+minor, bursa omentalis, for.epiploicum

Question 35

Topic 35: small and large intestines and their suspension

Answer 35

1.Small int.: duodenum, jejunum, ilium
2.Large int.: caecum, colon, rectum
a) Duodenum: flexura duodeni cran.->descen.->flexura duo. cau.–>ascen.->plica duodenocolica->flexura duodenojejunales
b)Jejunim
c) Ilium->plica ileocecale
d) Caecum
e) Colon: ascen.->flex. coli dex.->trans.->flex. coli sin.-> desc.
f)Rectum
-Mesoduodenum
-Mesojejunoilium
Blood vessels:
-A.coelica: A.gastricaduodenalis, A.pancreaticoduo. cran.
-A.mesenterica cran.: A.pancreaticoduo. cau., Tr.jejunales (Aa.jejunales, A.ilei mesenterialis, A.iliocolica, (r.colicus, A.caecalis, r.ilei antimes., A.ilei mes.), A.colica dext.+med.
-A.mesenterica cau.: A.colica sin., A.rect.cran.

Question 36

Topic 36: ovaries, uterus and their suspension

Answer 36

• Bursa ovarica: bw. mesosalphinx and ovary
• Cornu uteri dext. et sin.
• Uterus: corpus uteri, cervix uteri
• Suspension:
• Lig.latum uteri(mesometrium+mesosalphinx+mesovarium prox.+dist.)
• Lig.suspensorium uterii (cran. on the free border of lig. latum uteri->pelvic wall)
• Lig.ovarii proprium (ovary->cornu)
• Blood supply:
• Ovary: A.ovarica (ex. Ao.abd.), V.ovarica (ex. V.c.cau.)
• Uterus: A.uterina (ex.A.vaginalis)

Question 37

Topic 37: kidneys, canalis urinalis and their blood supply (prostate ductus deferens pars abdominalis et
pars pelvina)

Answer 37

1. Kidneys:
   * Capsula adiposa+fibrosa
   * Facies dors.+vent.
   * Margo lat.+med.
   * Extrem. cran+cau.
   * Hilus ren., sinus ren., recessus pelvis, pelvis ren.,
   * Lobi ren., cortex ren., medulla ren. (pyrimides ren., basis pyramidis), crista renalis (papilla communis)
2. Ureter: pars abd.+pelvina
3. Vesicae urinaria:
   * apex-+cervix-+corpus vesicae
   * facies dors.+vent.
   * trigonum ves.(columna utericae, ostium uteris, plica ureterica)
   * ostium urethrae int.
   * crista urethralis
   * Lig: lig.vesicae lat.+med., lig.teres vesicae
4. .Urethra
5. Prostata: lobus d+s, corpus, ampulla ductus deferens
6. Ductus deferens: epididymis->urethra
   - Blood supply:
   * A.renalis: A.interlobulares+A.arcuatae
   * A.iliaca interna->A.pudenda int.->A.prostatica: A.ductus deferentis+A.vesicae cau.+R.uretericus+R.urethralis