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biology paper 1 > topic B6 - inheritance > Flashcards

topic B6 - inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define chromosome

A

a structure found in the nucleus which is made up a long strand of DNA

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2
Q

define gene

A

a small section of the DNA which codes a particular sequence of amino acids to form a specific protein

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3
Q

DNA

A

a long thread of genetic material that forms a double helix

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4
Q

genome

A

is the entire genetic material of that organism

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5
Q

alleles

A

different forms of the genes

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6
Q

clones

A

an organism that is genetically identical

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7
Q

phenotype

A

the physical characteristic

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8
Q

genotype

A

genotype is a combination of alleles of an organism inherits from its parents - the genetic makeup of an individual

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9
Q

heterozygous

give examples

A

different alleles are present

Bb

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10
Q

homozygous

example

A

when both alleles are the same
bb
BB

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11
Q

gamete

A

a sex cell with half a set of chromosome of the parent

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12
Q

mitosis

A

one cell is copied into 2 identical cell

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13
Q

dominant alleles are represented

example

A

capital letters

BB

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14
Q

if the alleles are dominant

A

the phenotype is the allele that is dominant

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15
Q

recessive allele

A

are represented by lower case

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16
Q

how many copies of recessive alleles

A

2 copied are needed or no dominant allele

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17
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

is a disorder of the cell membrane resulting in thick mucus in the airways and the pancreas

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18
Q

key points of cystic fibrosis

A

controlled by single gene

caused by a recessive allele

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19
Q

in order to have cystic fibrosis

A

both parents need to either be carriers - have one recessive allele each

or

one parent must have 2 copies of the recessive allele

20
Q

what sort of people won’t have cystic fibrosis

A

a person with one recessive allele and one normal allele does not have cf but are carriers

21
Q

polydactyly

A

having an extra finger/toes

22
Q

what causes polydactyly

A

dominant allele

23
Q

why can’t you be a carrier for polydactyl

A

because the dominant allele will have that characteristic

24
Q

female gene

A

XX

25
Q

male gene

A

XY

26
Q

reproductive organs

A

testes and ovary

27
Q

what is embryo screening

A

when embryo is screened / checked for genetic disorders

28
Q

stages of embryo screening

A

during IVF embryo are fertilised in a laboratory
then one cell from each embryo is removed and gene is tested to see if it has the genetic disorder and it is then implanted back into the mothers womb

29
Q

arguments against embryonic screening

A

embryo screening is very expensive and some may think that money should be spent elsewhere in the healthcare

could encourage to pick a desirable characteristic (creating designer baby )
people may find this unethical

the procedure can lead to miscarriages

may promote prejudice as it suggests that those with genetic disorders will not live a full life or might be discriminated

an increase in abortion

30
Q

arguments for embryo screening

A

maybe able to correct family alleles

be able to treat inherited disorders

reduce the number of suffering

there is a regulation in pace to stop it from getting out of control

31
Q

sexual reproduction

A

sexual reproduction occurs in meiosis to form 4 non-identical cells called gametes . it involves the fusion of a male and female gamete . the cell divides twice and each gamete - half the set of chromosomes haploid ,
the genetic information from each parent is mixed , producing a variation in the offspring .for example of sexual reproduction is sperm cell fusing with the egg cell

32
Q

asexual reproduction

A

asexual reproduction occurs in mitosis so one cell is copied into 2 genetically identical cells. it has a full set of chromosome - diploid and because there is no mixing of of genetic information so the offspring can form clones.

33
Q

asexual reproduction occurs in

A

mitosis

34
Q

sexual reproduction occurs in

A

meiosis

35
Q

asexual forms

A

2 genetically identical cells

36
Q

sexual forms

A

4 non-identical cells called gametes

37
Q

asexual chromosome

A

diploid - full set of chromosome

38
Q

sexual reproduction

A

haploid - half set

39
Q

the offspring of asexual reproduction

A

genetically identical and can form clones

40
Q

the offspring of sexual reproduction

A

produces variations in the offspring

41
Q

stages in meiosis

A

in the first stage of meiosis, the cell makes copies of chromosome

the cell divides into 2 - each with half the amount of chromosome 46

then it divides again producing 4 cells - 23 chromosome

these cells are called gametes and are all genetically non-identical from each other

42
Q

fertilisation

A

the male gamete - containing 23 chromosome and the female gamete also containing 23 chromosome fuse at fertilisation to produce a cell with 46 chromosome

43
Q

what happened after fertilisation

A

the cell divides by mitosis to produce a clump of identical cells
more and more cells are produced forming an embryo
as the embryo develops the cell begins to differentiate into different types of cells

44
Q

DNA

A

is a polymer made up of 2 strands that twist around to form a double helix ( this increases the surface area )

45
Q

understanding the human genome enabled us

A
  • Search for genes linked with different types of diseases
  • improve understanding and treat inherited disorders
  • help trace the human migration pattern
46
Q

meiosis

A

a cell division in which the number of chromosome is halved and takes place in the reproductive organs eg testes an ovary

47
Q

why is meiosis important

A

it involves the fusion ( the process is known as fertilisation ) of the male and female gamete both containing half the number of chromosome (23) to produce offspring with the full number of chromosomes (46) this takes place in sexual reproduction

biology paper 1 (5 decks)

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