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biology paper 1 > topic 3 - infections and response > Flashcards

topic 3 - infections and response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

name the types of pathogens

A

virus
protists
bacteria
fungi

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2
Q

describe a virus

A
  • very tiny
  • invade host cells and makes copies of itself this causes the cell to burst and release all the copies into the bloodstream
  • viruses live and reproduce inside the cell causing damage and destruction of the cells making us feel ill
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3
Q

how does a virus work

A
  • make many copies of itself
  • which causes the cell to burst and release all the copies into the bloodstream
  • where is will damage the cell and make us ill
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4
Q

describe bacteria

A
  • small living cells
  • they multiply very quickly through dividing by a process called binary fission
  • produces toxins that damage the cells
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5
Q

how do a bacteria work

A
  • they multiply quickly by binary fission

- and produce toxins that damage the cells

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6
Q

describe protists

A
  • single celled eukaryotic organism often transferred to the host by vector
  • meaning they use animals and human as their host
  • causing damage to the cells
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7
Q

describe fungi

A

they can either be single celled or have a body made of hyphae ( thread like structure )
they produce spores which can be spread to other organisms

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8
Q

name the ways they are spread:

A

by air/droplet infections
by direct contact
by water
by vectors

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9
Q

explain how air can spread diseases

A

pathogens can be carried in the air and inhaled by other organisms
for example, pathogens released by droplet infection eg. sneezing, coughing which would be inhaled by another organism

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10
Q

explain how water can spread diseases

A

pathogens can contaminate water supplies so organism drinking this contaminated water can be infected by pathogens

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11
Q

explain how direct contact can spread diseases

A

pathogens live on surfaces and touching these contaminated surfaces could spread to other organisms

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12
Q

explain how vectors can spread diseases

A

mosquitoes, fleas, ticks can carry infected pathogens which can be transferred to others

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13
Q

name ways of by limiting the spread of the

pathogens.

A

improving hygiene
vaccinations
destroying vectors
isolation

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14
Q

how does vaccination limit the spread of pathogens

A

make people immune to infections this reduces the spread of disease

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15
Q

how does hygiene limit the spread of pathogens

A

Improving hygiene: Hand washing, using disinfectants, isolating raw meat, using tissues
and handkerchiefs when sneezing

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16
Q

how does destroying vectors limit the spread of pathogens

A

Using pesticides or insecticides and removing their habitat or using mosquito nets

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17
Q

how does isolation limit the spread of pathogens

A

isolating infected individuals prevent them from passing it on to others

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18
Q

name the viral diseases

A

measles
HIV
tobacco mosaic

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19
Q

measles

A

type - a viral disease

symptoms - fever, red skin rash, blindness, brain damage

spread - droplet infections

prevented - vaccination -childhood vaccination

treatment - no cure

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20
Q

HIV

A

type - a viral disease

symptoms- mild flu-like illness then the virus attacks the immune system and leads to AIDS

spread - direct sexual contact or exchange in body fluids such as blood or mother to child in breast milk

prevented - barrier methods, not sharing needles, screening blood used for transfusion
The development to AIDS- Use of antiretroviral drugs

treatment - no cure

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21
Q

tobacco mosaic

A

type - viral diseases

symptoms - discolouration on leaves , cannot photosynthesise ,reduction of the yield

prevented - good field hygiene , pest control , growing TMV-resistant strains.

spread-Contact between diseased plants and healthy plants, insects act as vectors.

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22
Q

name all bacterial diseases

A

salmonella
gonorrhoea
rose black spot

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23
Q

salmonella

A

type - bacterial disease

symptoms - Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea (all caused by the toxins they secrete).

spread - found on uncooked meat and unhygienic conditions

prevented :

  • Poultry are vaccinated against Salmonella,
  • keeping raw meat away from cooked food
  • avoid washing it,
  • wash hands and surfaces when handling it, cook food thoroughly.
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24
Q

gonorrhoea

A

type - bacterial disease

Symptoms: Thick yellow or green discharge from the private part pain when urinating.

spread - sexually transmitted disease spread through unprotected sexual contact.

prevented -By using contraception such as condoms and antibiotics

treatment - penicillin or antibiotics

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25
Q

name fungal diseases

A

rose black spot

26
Q

rose blackspot

A

type - fungal disease

symptoms - purple/black spots on leaves , reduces photosynthesis , damage leaves

spread - The spores of the fungus are spread in water (rain) of by wind

prevented- burning the infected area , using fungicides

27
Q

name protists diseases

A

malaria

28
Q

malaria

A

type - protist disease (caused by protist pathogens that enter red blood cells and damage them)

symptoms - fever / shaking

spread - by the bite of female mosquitoes

prevented - mosquito nets / Using insecticide,

29
Q

Human Defence System - The non-specific defence system name 5

A 
the skin
the nose 
the trachea and bronchi 
the stomach 
the tears
30
Q

The non-specific defence system - skin

A

-acts as a physical, waterproof barrier
-It produces antimicrobial secretions to kill pathogens
-Good microorganisms known as skin flora compete with the bad microorganisms for
space and nutrients

31
Q

The non-specific defence system - nose

A

contains hair and mucus which traps particles from entering your lungs

32
Q

The non-specific defence system - trachea and bronchi

A

the trachea and bronchi are lined with cilia (hair-like -substance ) which wafts the mucus up to the mouth where it should be swallowed

33
Q

The non-specific defence system - stomach

A

Produces hydrochloric acid that kills any pathogens

34
Q

The non-specific defence system - tears

A

contains enzymes that kill pathogens

35
Q

The specific immune system what are they

A

white blood cell in which act in 3 different ways
antibodies
antitoxins
phagocytosis

36
Q

Phagocytosis

A

the white blood cells engulf and digest them which destroys them meaning they can no longer make you feel ill.

37
Q

antibodies are also known as

A

lymphocytes

38
Q

lymphocytes - antibodies

A

each pathogen has an antigen on their surface which a specific complementary antibody can bind to. it locks onto the invading pathogen. if the same pathogen infects the organism the white blood cell will produce the specific complementary antibodies at a faster rate.

39
Q

antitoxins

A

counteracts toxins released by pathogens pathogen by binding to them.

40
Q

how does the immune system attack the pathogens

A

the immune system protects us from pathogens, the most important part of the immune system is the white blood cell can act in 3 different ways. phagocytosis is when the white blood cells engulf and digest the pathogens this will destroy them meaning you no longer feel ill. white blood cells can also produce antibodies which bind to an antigen and would lock onto the invading pathogens. antibodies are a specific complementary shape so if the person is infected with the same pathogen the white blood cells will rapidly and in higher concentration produce the specific
complementary antibodies at a faster rate. lastly, the white blood cells also produce antitoxins which counteract toxins released by the pathogens by binding to them.

41
Q

define vaccination

A

vaccination involves dead or inactive pathogen injected into the blood, this leads to antibodies being produced which bind to the pathogens and destroy them . memory cells are left behind in the blood so if the pathogen re-enters the white blood cells can produce antibodies rapidly

42
Q

define herd immunity

A

a large proportion of the population is immune to pathogens the spread of the pathogens is reduced

43
Q

Advantages of vaccination

A

have eradicated many diseases

protection

44
Q

Disadvantages of vaccination

A

not always effective in providing immunity.

Bad reactions

45
Q

define health

A

a state of physical and mental well being

46
Q

define non-communicable disease

A

is not caused by pathogens and cannot be passed on

47
Q

define communicable disease

A

infectious diseases caused by pathogens and can be passed from one person to another

48
Q

Antibiotics

A

kills bacterial pathogens inside the body

49
Q

what can’t Antibiotics kill?

A

viruses

50
Q

why can’t Antibiotics kill viruses

A

They cannot kill viruses as they use body cells to reproduce, meaning any drugs that target
them would affect body tissue too.

51
Q

define painkiller

A

relives pain and relives symptoms of infections

52
Q

example of painkiller

A

aspirin

53
Q

define antiviral drugs

A

treat viral infection

54
Q

bacteria become more resistant to antibiotics

A
  • bacteria can mutate
    -this means they became more resistant to antibiotics
    -antibiotics kill the less resistant bacteria
    -The resistant bacterias survive and reproduce, meaning the population of resistant bacteria
    increases
55
Q

to prevent bacteria from becoming resistant to antibiotics …

A

patients must complete the course because the more resistant bacteria live longer and if it is uncompleted the resistant bacteria reproduce

doctors avoid overprescribing antiobotics

56
Q

aspirin

A

Aspirin is used as a painkiller (originates from willow)

57
Q

Digitalis

A

is used to treat heart problems (originates from foxgloves)

58
Q

how did alexander fleming discover penicillin?

A
  • alexander fleming discovered this accidentally
  • he found mould on his culture plates with clear rings around the mould indicating there were no longer bacteria there
  • he found the mould producing the pencilling which killed bacteria
59
Q

describe the drug testing

A

preclinical testing ; tested on cells, tissues and then live animals. tested to see how toxic the drug is

Clinical testing: It is first tested on healthy volunteers with a low dose to ensure there are no harmful side effects

clinal trail : tested on unhealthy people or people suffering from the illness The drugs are then tested on patients to find the most effective dose

60
Q

placebo

A

is an injection or tablet with no active drug usually made for sugar pill , however some patients will get better from placebo because they think they are getting treated

61
Q

single-blind

A

(only the doctor knows whether the patient is receiving

the drug)

62
Q

double-blind

A

(neither the patient or doctor knows whether they are
receiving the drug, removing any biases the doctor may have when they are
recording the results).

biology paper 1 (5 decks)

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