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biology paper 1 > Topic 4: Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Topic 4: Bioenergetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make glucose from sunlight.

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2
Q

is photosynthesis an exothermic or endothermic reaction?

A

It is an endothermic

a reaction where energy is transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts by light.

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3
Q

where does photosynthesis take place

A

photosynthesis takes place in the leaves of a plant. leaves contain chlorophyll which absorbs light energy

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4
Q

word equation for photosynthesis is:

A

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

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5
Q

balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6C02+6H2o→ C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

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6
Q

symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

CO2+ H2O→ C6 H12 06 + O2

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7
Q

where is photosynthesis made

A

in the chloroplast

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8
Q

what does photosynthesis produce

A

glucose + oxygen

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9
Q

Rate of Photosynthesis (graph) - light intensity

A
  • as light intensity increase the rate of photosynthesis increase
  • this is because more energy is provided
  • so the limiting factor was light intensity
  • however, if the light intensity is increased at a certain point the rate of P.S will not increase ( stay the same )
  • meaning another factor is limiting the rate of photosynthesis
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10
Q

Rate of Photosynthesis (graph) - temperature

A
  • as the temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis increases
  • this is because more energy is provided
  • however when the temperature reaches a certain point the enzymes begin to denature
  • so fewer collisions between enzymes and substrate
  • if the temperature is low less energy is provided therefore the rate of photosynthesis decreases
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11
Q

Rate of Photosynthesis (graph) - LOW temperature

A
  • temperature is low
  • kinetic energy of particles is low
  • particles move slowly
  • less collision
  • so rate decreases
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12
Q

Rate of Photosynthesis (graph) - temperature

SECTION A

A
  • the temperature is the lowest
  • kinetic energy of the particle is low
  • resulting in a fewer collision between enzymes and substrate
  • also enzymes move slower due to less energy
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13
Q

Rate of Photosynthesis (graph) - temperature

SECTION B

A
  • the temperature is at the highest
  • as a result, the enzymes are at the optimum point
  • also photosynthesis can take place without enzymes denaturing
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14
Q

Rate of Photosynthesis (graph) - temperature

SECTION c

A
  • the temperature is still high
  • so more kinetic energy is produced
  • particles move quicker
  • therefore more collision
  • but the rate of photosynthesis is low because enzymes denature
  • and the active site changes shape so substrate won’t fit
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15
Q

rate of Photosynthesis (graph) - Carbon dioxide concentration

A

Carbon dioxide concentration increases the rate of photosynthesis

  • because CO2 is a reactant and is also needed to make glucose
  • above a certain concentration the rate would stay the same
  • the limiting factor would no longer be the concentration of co2
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16
Q

rate of Photosynthesis (graph) - Amount of chlorophyll

A

the more chlorophyll the higher the rate of photosynthesis
-Chlorophyll is a pigment in the leaf that
converts light energy to food for the plant

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17
Q

how are chlorophyll levels are reduced

A

reduced through a
magnesium deficiency, then the rate of
photosynthesis would decrease.

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18
Q

uses of glucose - r

A

glucose produced by photosynthesis for respiration

transfers energy from the glucose then the plants convert the rest of the glucose into other useful substances

takes place in the mitochondria

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19
Q

uses of glucose - storage

A

glucose produced by photosynthesis is used to produce insoluble storage for starch
stored in roots, stems and leaves

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20
Q

uses of glucose - produce

A

glucose produced by photosynthesis is used to produce fats and oils as storage for energy

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21
Q

uses of glucose - cell

A

the cellulose is made from the glucose by photosynthesis and is used to strengthen the cell walls

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22
Q

uses of glucose - acid

A

glucose produced in photosynthesis is used to produce amino acids

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23
Q

to make amino acids from glucose

A

the plant absorbs nitrate ions from the soil to form amino acids or converted into
proteins

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24
Q

Required Practical 6: Photosynthesis

A

an experiment measuring the oxygen production of a plant, you can calculate the
rate of photosynthesis.

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25
Q

Describe how you would investigate the
effect of light intensity on the rate of
photosynthesis in an aquatic plant

A

start by taking a boiling tube and place it at a fixed distance (10cm) away from the light source

fill the boiling tube with sodium hydrogen carbonate solution

place a cut pondweed into the boiling tube and leave it in there for 5 minutes to acclimatise

you should see bubbles of gas being produced. this gas is oxygen which is produced by photosynthesis

you count the number of bubbles produced in one minute using a stopwatch

repeat this serval times at different distance / light intensity

and calculate the mean number of bubbles produced in one min

26
Q

Why is it best to use an LED light source

rather than a lamp?

A

LED lights source don’t release very much heat energy this can affect the rate of photosynthesis

27
Q

if you do use a normal light bulb what should you do?

A

place a beaker of water between the light and boiling tube to absorb the heat

28
Q

Why is sodium hydrogen carbonate solution used

during this experiment?

A

It releases CO2

, which is needed for photosynthesis

29
Q

why should you leave the pondweed for 5 minutes?

A

leave it to acclimatise

30
Q

How can the measurement of oxygen

production be made more accurate?

A

we can measure the volume of oxygen produced rather than counting the bubbles
place the pondweed under a funnel and catch the bubbles in a measuring cylinder

31
Q

what are the problems with this experiment?

A
  • bubbles too fast to count accurately

- bubbles are not all the same size

32
Q

Why can the number of bubbles produced to be used

to calculate the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen bubbles are formed as a product during
photosynthesis. The number of bubbles
produced in a given time is proportional to the
rate of photosynthesis

33
Q

What is the relationship between the distance

from a light source and light intensity?

A

Inverse-square law - light intensity∝1 /
distance2

as distance doubles the light intensity decreases by a factor of 4 so as the distance halves the light intensity increases by a factor of 4

34
Q

to workout inverse law

A

double the distance

light intensity divide by 4

35
Q

why do farmers increase the rate of photosynthesis

A

increases the yield of crops, therefore, more money for them

36
Q

how do farmers increase light intensity

A

use artificial light

glass windows trap the sunlight

37
Q

how do farmers increase co2/temperature

A

paraffin heater to heat the greenhouse gas and the paraffin heater burns co2 as a by-product

38
Q

how do farmers increase the temperature

A

greenhouse traps suns head during winter use

39
Q

how do farmers decrease the temperature

A

use shades to block the sunlight

or ventilation

40
Q

benefits of greenhouse

A

protection from dieses and pests

41
Q

is respiration an Exo or endo

A

It is exothermic as energy is transferred to the environment

42
Q

where does respiration take place

A

occurs in every cell in the body,

43
Q

aerobic respiration - equation

A

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

44
Q

aerobic respiration - oxygen or no oxygen

A

respiration in which glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen

45
Q

respiration is made in the

A

mitochondria

46
Q

aerobic respiration release a great or less deal of energy

A

it yields the most energy

47
Q

symbol equation for

A

C6 H12O6+ O2—> CO2 + H2O

48
Q

anaerobic respiration- oxygen or no oxygen

A

occurs when there is not much oxygen

49
Q

anaerobic respiration - in muscle equation

A

glucose —> lactic acid

50
Q

anaerobic respiration - release a great or less deal of energy

A

does not yield much energy

51
Q

incomplete oxidation

A

the incomplete oxidation of glucose causes build up of lactic acid . this causes oxygen debt , this results in the muscles tiring and not contracting properly . blood flowing through the muscles transport lactic acid to the liver where it converts to glucose

52
Q

anaerobic reaction In plant and yeast cells it is called

fermentation-equation

A

Glucose (C6 H12O6) —> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide (CO2)

53
Q

what does this reaction produce

c6 H12O6 —> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide (CO2)

A

the glucose is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide

54
Q

overview of anaerobic respiration

A

respiration in which glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen

to release lactic acid and co2

dose does not yield much energy

less energy as oxidation of glucose is incomplete

occurs in cytoplasm

55
Q

overview of aerobic respiration

A

respiration in which glucose is broken down in with oxygen

glucose is completely oxidised

takes place in most organism
releases co2, h20

occurs in mitochondria

56
Q

During exercise…

A

more energy is needed in order for the muscles to contract. This means
respiration has to occur faster, and therefore more oxygen needs to be supplied to cells (and more
CO2 removed).

57
Q

to provide more oxygen

A

● Heart rate increasing
● Breathing rate increasing
● Breath volume increasing

58
Q

oxygen debt

A

Oxygen debt is the
amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the accumulated lactic
acid and remove it from the cells. This results in the muscles tiring and not contracting properly.
Blood flowing through the muscles transports the lactic acid to the liver where it is
converted back to glucose.

59
Q

define Metabolism

A

is the sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body.

60
Q

Examples of metabolic reactions:

A

1.Glucose molecules being converted to starch, glycogen and cellulose by being joined
together
2. A glycerol molecule and three molecules of fatty acids forming a lipid molecule
3. Glucose and nitrate ions forming amino acids, which are used to form proteins
4. The reactions in respiration
5. Urea forming from the breakdown of proteins for excretion

61
Q

Suggest two ways the method could be improved to measure the rate of
photosynthesis more accurately.

A

measure the volume of gas released rather than counting the bubbles by measuring the volume of gas released

increase length of time
repeat the measurement
at each distance several times
and calculate a mean

biology paper 1 (5 decks)

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