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biology paper 1 > Topic 1: Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1: Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

examples of eukaryotic

A

animal
fungi
protists
plant

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2
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell

A

cells are more complex , this includes plant and animal cell. they have a cell membrane , cytoplasm and contain genetic information enclosed in a nucleus

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3
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

are much more smaller and simple for example bacteria cell. The genetic material is NOT enclose in a nucleus . the DNA is a single loop of DNA or small rings called plasmids

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4
Q

identifying different types of cells

A

if any cell has a nucleus that means its a eukaryotic cell and if it doesn’t have a nucleus its prokaryotic cell

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5
Q

example of prokaryotic cell

A

bacteria

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6
Q

the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

In the eukaryotic cell, the genetic material is enclosed in a nucleus whereas in prokaryotic the genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus instead it is a single loop of DNA or small rings called plasmids

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7
Q

An animal cell is eukaryotic. They have a:

A 
● Cell membrane
● Cytoplasm
● Nucleus containing DNA
●mitochondria 
● ribosomes
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8
Q

a plant cell is eukaryotic they have a :

A 
● Cell membrane
● Cytoplasm
● Nucleus containing DNA
●mitochondria 
●ribosomes 
● chloroplast 
●permanent vacuole 
●cell wall
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9
Q

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic and are much smaller. They have a:

A

● Cell wall
● Cell membrane
● Cytoplasm
● Single circular strand of DNA and plasmids (small rings of DNA found in the cytoplasm)

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10
Q

Centi

A

1cm=0.01m x10^-2

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11
Q

Milli

A

1mm=0.001m x 10^-3

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12
Q

Micro

A

1μm=0.000 001 x10^-6

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13
Q

Nano

A

1nm=0.000, 000, 001 x10^-9

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14
Q

Nucleus

A

contains genetic material which controls the activities of the cell

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15
Q

cytoplasm

A

a jelly-like substance where chemical reaction takes place

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16
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

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17
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration reactions occur, providing energy for the cell

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18
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where protein synthesis occurs.

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19
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contains chlorophyll which absorbs light for photosynthesis

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20
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

contains cell sap and keeps the cell rigid

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21
Q

Cell wall

A

Made from cellulose

Provides strength to the cell

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22
Q

specialised cells in animals-Sperm cells

A

specialised for reproduction, the function of a sperm is to get the male DNA to the female DNA to the ovum

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23
Q

what are the features of a sperm cell

A
  • long streamlined tail help swim to the egg
  • the mid-section packed with mitochondria which provides energy for movement
  • The acrosome (top of the head)has digestive enzymes which digest through the egg
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24
Q

specialised cells in animals-Nerve cells

A

specialised to transmit electrical signals

25
Q

what are the features of nerve cells?

A

-The axon is long ( to cover more distance) enables impulse to be carried along long distances

branched connection- to connect with other nerve cells and form a network around the body

have many mitochondria which supply the energy

26
Q

specialised cells in animals- Muscle cells

A

specialised for contraction

27
Q

what are the features of muscle cells?

A

Lots of mitochondria to provide energy from respiration for contraction

proteins (myosin and actin) slide over each other, causing the muscle to
contract

They can store a chemical called glycogen that is used in respiration by
mitochondria

28
Q

Examples of specialised cells in plants

A

Root hair cells
Xylem cells
Phloem cell

29
Q

specialised cells in plants-root hair cells

A

specialised for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil

30
Q

features of root hair cell

A

Have a large surface area due to hair like projections meaning more water can move in

Mitochondria to provide energy from respiration

The large permanent vacuole affects the speed of movement of water from the soil to the cell

31
Q

specialised cells in plants-xylem cell

A

specialised to transport water and mineral ions up the plant

32
Q

features of xylem

A

-hallow tube made out of lignin which allows more water to move through

water and minerals flow from the root towards the leaves in one direction this process is called transpiration

33
Q

specialised cells in plants-phloem

A

cells: specialised to carry glucose around the plant

34
Q

features of phloem

A

-made from living tissues

fewer sub-cellular structures so more substances can flow through them

cells have end plates with hole in them

35
Q

define transpiration

A

substances only leaves in one direction

36
Q

define translocation

A

glucose in solution moves from the leaves to grow and store tissues

translocation is the movement of materials from leaves to other tissues throughout the plant.

37
Q

define differentiation

A

differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job. cell differentiation forms different subcellular structures

38
Q

at what stage does cell differentiation take place in animal

A

differentiate at an early stage and then lose this ability.

cells that differentiate is mainly for repairing and replacing damaged cells

39
Q

In mature animals, cell division mostly only happens to

A

happens to repair or replace damaged cells, as they undergo little growth.

40
Q

at what stage does plants differentiation take place

A

ability to differentiate throughout life.

41
Q

what is the difference between cell differentiation

A

in animal cells can only differentiate at an early stage and lose this ability, only in mature animal cells, cell division takes place to repair or replace damaged cells, as they
undergo little growth.

but plants have the ability to differentiate throughout life.

42
Q

magnification =

A

image size / real size

43
Q

light microscopes

A 
beam of light 
low magnification 
low resolution 
small and portable 
cheap and easy to use
44
Q

electron microscopes

A 
beam of electrons 
high magnification 
high resolution 
very expensive 
very large operated in special rooms 
image black and white 
specimen needs to be dead
45
Q

RP1 - Microscopy method

A

peel of epidermal layers on the onion

stain the cell using iodine solution

place a cover slip making sure there is no air bubbles

remove the excess stain by soaking paper towel

place the slide on the stage

select the lowest magnification objective lens

use the course focus wheel then the fine focus wheel to focus the image

draw the image and label it

46
Q

Why is a thin sample of tissue required?

A

Allows light to pass through so internal

structures can be observed

47
Q

Why is water added to the slide before the sample is mounted?

A

Allows the sample to be suspended between
the slide and the coverslip, and ensures the
coverslip stays in place

48
Q

Why is iodine solution added to stain the cells?

A

to become more visible

49
Q

chromosomes,

A

which contain coils of DNA.

50
Q

gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein or and as a result controls a
characteristic

51
Q

Mitosis and the Cell Cycle

stages

A

stage 1 is growth before cells divide it needs to grow and increase the amount of sub-cellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes

stage 2 DNA synthesis the DNA duplicates and forms x - shaped chromosomes and energy stores are increased

stage 3 mitosis one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell to either side of the cells and the nucleus divides, then the cytoplasm and cell membrane divides to form 2 identical daughter cells

52
Q

functions of mitosis

A

essential for growth and development

replace and repairs damaged cells

asexual reproduction occurs by mitosis

53
Q

stem cells

A

are undifferentiated cells and can form into different types of cells

54
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

They can differentiate into any type of cell in the body

can be cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells

used to treat diabetes, paralysis

55
Q

Adult stem cells

A

If found in bone marrow they can form many types of cells including blood cells

56
Q

Meristems in plants

A

Found in root and shoot tips

57
Q

where is the adult stem cell found

A

bone marrow

58
Q

where is the meristem cell found?

A

Found in root and shoot tips

They can differentiate into any type of plant, and have this ability throughout the life
of the plant

biology paper 1 (5 decks)

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