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Bio 217 > Topic 9 Mitosis > Flashcards

Topic 9 Mitosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cellular Division

A
  • The ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind
  • The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells, or cell division
  • Mitosis and Meiosis
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2
Q

Functions of Cellular Division
* In unicellular organisms:

A
  • Division of one cell reproduces the
    entire organism
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3
Q
  • Multicellular eukaryotes depend on cell division for:
A
  • Development from a fertilized egg
  • Growth
  • Repair
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4
Q

Cell cycle:

A

the life of a cell from formation to
its own division

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5
Q

daughter cells

A

Most cell division results in two daughter cells with identical genetic information
* The exception is meiosis:

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6
Q

Genome

A

all the DNA in a cell
* A genome can consist of:
* A single DNA molecule (common in prokaryotic cells)
* A number of DNA molecules (common in eukaryotic cells)

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7
Q

Chromatin

A

a complex of DNA and protein (histones) that condenses during cell division

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8
Q

Sister chromatids:

A

joined copies of the original chromosome, attached along their lengths by cohesins

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9
Q

Cohesins

A

protein complexes that attach sister chromatids

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10
Q
  • The centromere:
A
  • The narrow “waist” of the duplicated
    chromosome
  • Where the two chromatids are most closely attached
  • Once separate, the chromatids are called chromosomes
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11
Q

Interphase (G1, S, and G2)

A
  • Cell growth and copying of chromosomes
    in preparation for cell division
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12
Q

Mitotic phase (Mitosis and Cytokinesis)

A
  • Mitosis: the division of the genetic material in the nucleus
  • Cytokinesis: the division of the cytoplasm
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13
Q

G1 phase:

A

First gap, cells increase in size, gets ready for S phase

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14
Q

S phase:

A

Synthesis, DNA replication occurs

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15
Q

G2 phase

A

Second gap, cells continue to grow,
gets ready for Mitosis

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16
Q

G2 of Interphase (after s phase) 3

A
  • A nuclear envelope enclose the nucleus
  • Two centrosomes have formed
  • Regions that organize microtubules
  • Chromosomes duplicated in S phase cannot be seen, because they have not condensed
17
Q

Prophase 4

A
  • chromatin fibers are tightly coiled into discrete chromosomes, becoming visable
  • duplicated chromosomes appear as two sister chromatids joined at centromeres
  • mitotic spindle begins to form
  • centrosomes move away from each other
18
Q

prometaphase 5

A
  • nuclear envelope fragments, chromosomes even more condense
  • microtubules from each centresome invade nuclear area
  • kinetochore on the centromere on each sister chromotid
  • some microtubule become kinetochore microtubules, jerking chromosomes back and forth
  • any non kinetochore microtubules elongate the cell
19
Q

Metaphase 3

A
  • Centrosomes now at opposite poles of the cell
  • Chromosomes have arrived at the metaphase plate
  • An imaginary plane at the middle of the cell * Centromeres lie at metaphase plate
  • Kinetochore of each sister chromatid attach to kinetochore microtubules
20
Q

Anaphase 4

A
  • shorest phase of mitosis
  • cohesios between chromotids are cleaved, allowing each pair to separate
  • two new daughter chromosomes moving towards opposite poles
  • centromeres lead, because microtubules attached to kinetochore
20
Q

Telophase 4

A
  • two daughter nuclei formm
  • nuclear envelope reappears
  • chromosomes start to decondense
  • mitosis is complete
21
Q

cytokinesis

A
  • division of cytoplasm
  • involves fomration of a cleavage furrow in animal cells
22
Q

The Mitotic Spindle:

A
  • A structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis
23
Q

centrosome

A

In animal cells, assembly of spindle microtubules begins in the centrosome
* Microtubule-organizing center (MTOC)

  • the centrosome replicates during interphase
  • two centrosomes migrate to oppoiste ends of the cell during prophase and prometaphase
24
Q

Kinetochores

A

are protein complexes associated with centromeres

25
Q

In anaphase, the cohesins are cleaved by

A

an enzyme called separase

25
Q

The microtubules shorten by

A

depolymerizing at their kinetochore ends

26
Q

Non-kinetochore microtubules

A

from opposite poles overlap and push against each other, elongating the cell

26
Q

Non-kinetochore microtubules

A

from opposite poles overlap and push against each other, elongating the cell

27
Q

In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by…. In plant cells

A

a process known as cleavage, forming a cleavage furrow
* Contractile ring of microfilaments

a cell plate forms during cytokinesis
* Vesicles contain cell wall material
* Vesicles are derived f rom Golgi apparatus

27
Q

cell cycle control system

A

The cell cycle is directed by a distinct cell cycle control system, which is similar to a clock
* The clock has specific checkpoints where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received

28
Q

Cellular Checkpoints

A
  • Changes in regulatory protein concentrations drives the cell cycle
  • Three important checkpoints are those in the G1, G2, and M phases
  • If the cell does not receive the go- ahead signal, it will exit the cycle,
  • Switches to an on-dividing state called the G0 phase v

Bio 217 (14 decks)

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