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Bio 217 > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

three domains of life

A

bacteria, archea, eukarya

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2
Q

linnaean taxonomy

A

the huge spectrum of all the merged species
- organisms are written with two names

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3
Q

the two major types of organisms

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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4
Q

prokaryotic and eukaryotic shared features

A

plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, DNA

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5
Q

prokayotics include which domains

A

bacteria and archaea
- can be found in extreme locations
- most abundant organisms on earth

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6
Q

prokaryotic cell 5

A
  • cell is simple
  • small
  • does not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
  • lack compartmentalization
  • dna is circular
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7
Q

eukaryotic cells 4

A
  • larger
  • membrane bound organelles
  • largest organelle is nucleus
  • compartmentalization of cell
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8
Q

four major eukaryotic kingdoms

A

plants (photosynthesis)
fungi (absorb nutrients)
animals (ingest their food)
protists (mostly sing celled)

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9
Q

domain bacteria

A
  • include most prokaryotic species
  • pathogenic to humans (harmful)
  • beneficial to humans (cheese)
  • research
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10
Q

domain archaea

A
  • prokaryotic cells
  • live in extreme enviro (extremophiles)
  • extreme halophiles (saline)
  • extreme thermophiles (temp)
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11
Q

domains shared characteristics

A
  • dna backbone to life
  • bacteria and archaea both prokaryotes
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12
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space and has mass
- organic or inorganic
- consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations (compounds)

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13
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

reached when forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate

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14
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of matter that still retains properties of an element

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15
Q

isotopes

A

differ in number of neutrons

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16
Q

radioactive isotopes

A

decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy
- PET scan

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17
Q

covalent bond

A

share a pair of electrons
- the electron count as part of each atoms valance shell

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18
Q

molecule

A

2 + atoms held together by covalent bond

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19
Q

compound

A

covalent bond between different atoms

20
Q

polar covalent bond

A

atoms do not share electrons equally

21
Q

hydrogen bonds

A
  • weak chem interaction
  • H atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom and it is also attracted to another electroneg atom
  • usually N or O
22
Q

water

A

only substance to exsist in all states naturally

23
Q

is water polar

A

yes
- electrons spend more time near the oxygen than the hydrogen
- polarity allows hydrogen bonds to form with other water molecules

24
Q

4 emergent properties of water enable the suitability for life

A
  • cohesive behaviour
  • ability to moderate temperature
  • expansion upon freezing
  • versatality as a solvent
25
Q

cohesion

A

hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together.
- helps transport water agains gravty in plants

26
Q

ahesion

A

attraction between different substances

27
Q

surface tension

A

measure how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
- water has high surface tension due to hydrogen bonding

28
Q

waters ability to moderate temp

A

absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air
- water can act as a heat bank

29
Q

thermal energy

A

the total kinetic energy associated with random motion of atoms or molecules

30
Q

temperature

A

average kinetic energy of molecules in a body of matter

31
Q

waters specific heat

A

high specific heat. that is why it resists chnage in temperature

32
Q

specific heat of something

A
  • amount of heat needed for 1g of the thing to raise by 1 degree
33
Q

why does water have high specific heat

A
  • hydrogen bonding
  • heat is absorbed to break bonds
  • heat is released when bonds form
34
Q

what does having a high specific heat capacity do

A

acts as a buffer to minimize temperature fluctuations to permit life

35
Q

heat of vapourization

A

the heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to gas
- breaks hydrogen bonds

36
Q

evaporative cooling

A

as liquid evapourates its remaining surface cools
- when this happens to water it helps to stabalize temperatures in organisms and bodies of water (sweating)

37
Q

why does ice float in water

A

becuase hydrogen bonds in ice are more ordered making ice less dense than water

38
Q

what temp does water reach greatest density

A

4 degrees

39
Q

solvent vs solute

A

solvent- dissolving agent of a solution
solute- substance that is dissolved

40
Q

why is water a versatile solvent

A

polarity

41
Q

amphipathic

A

substance is one that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

42
Q

water is in a state of what

A

dynamic equilibrium
- water molecules dissociate at the same rate at which they form

43
Q

buffers

A

minimize chnages in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

44
Q

ocean acidification

A
  • co2 main product of fossil fuel combustion
  • 25% absorbed in ocean
  • Co2 dissolved in seawater forms carbonic acid
  • H+ ions combine with carbonate to produce bicarbonate
45
Q

carbonate is used for what

A

calcification- building coral reefs

Bio 217 (14 decks)

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