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Bio 217 > Topic 3 > Flashcards

Topic 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are all composed of carbon compounds

A

proteins, DNA, carbohydrates

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2
Q

organic chem

A

study of compounds that contain carbon, regardless of orgin
- usually contains H as well

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3
Q

what are the major elements of life

A

c, h, n, s, p
- reflects the common evolutionary orgin of all life

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4
Q

how many bonds can carbon form

A

4
creates a versatility
- infinite number of combinations of molecules

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5
Q

what are the most common carbon atoms bond to

A

H O N

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6
Q

carbon chains form

A

skeletons or organi molecules
- vary in length and shape
- making large complex molecules possible

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7
Q

diversity in carbon skeletons

A

length
branch location
double bond location
presence of rings

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8
Q

isomers

A

same molecular formula but different structures and properties

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9
Q

structural isomers

A

different covalent arrangments of atoms

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10
Q

cis-trans isomers

A

same covalent bond but differ in their spatial arrangments

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11
Q

enaantiomers

A

isomers that are mirror images of each other
- can have different levels of bioloical acitivity

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12
Q

functional groups

A
  • chemical groups involved directly in chem reactions
  • based off number, shape, arrangement, charge
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13
Q

estradiol and testosterone example

A
  • sex hormones, drastically different bioloical outcomes but differ only by two functional groups
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14
Q

seven important functional groups in the chem of life

A

1 hydroxyl group
2 carbonyl group
3 carboxyl group
4 amino group
5 sulfhydryl group
6 phosphate group
7 methyl group

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15
Q

hydroxyl group

A
  • polar due to electronegative O
  • forms bonds with water
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16
Q

carbonyl group

A

c double bonded to O

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17
Q

carboxyl group

A

c double bonded to O
c bonded to OH

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18
Q

amino group

A

NH2

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19
Q

sulhydryl group

A

two SH groups can react forming a cross link that helps to stabalize protein structure

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20
Q

phosphate group

A
  • contributes negative charge
  • when attached, confers ability to react with water, releasing energy
    ex ATP
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21
Q

methyl group

A
  • affects gene expression
  • affects shape and function of sex hormones
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22
Q

atp

A

adenosine triphosphate
- adenosine attached to a string of phosphate groups
- ato stores potential to react with water
- this energy is used by the cell

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23
Q

all living organisms are made up of

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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24
Q
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
    are considered what
A

macromolecules. not lipids

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25
Q

monomer

A

repeating units that serve as builiding blocks
- nucleotides, amino acids, monosaccarides

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26
Q

polymer

A

long molecule consisting of many monomers
- carbohyrates, proteins, nucleic acids
- provides large variety from small set of monomers

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27
Q

dehydration synthesis reaction

A

creates a polymer from monomer subunits.
- removes the water from monomers (the ending H + OH)
- the monomers are joined where H and OH were removed

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28
Q

hydrolisis reaction

A
  • splits water into H and OH
  • H added to one monomer, OH to the other
  • monomers are released by the addition of the water molecule
  • degrades polymer into monomers
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29
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugars and polymers of sugars

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30
Q

monosaccarides

A

simple carbohydrates

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31
Q

polysaccarides

A

complex carbohydrates, polymers

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32
Q

gluclose

A

most common monosaccaride
- fructose, galactose are isomers (same formula, diff structure)
- fuel
- classified by number of carbons

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33
Q

disaccharide

A

two monosaccarides come together through dehydration synthsis

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34
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond between two monomers
- can build a variety of dissachharides and polysacchaides

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35
Q

starch

A
  • storage of polysaccharides of plants
  • glucose monomers in a helical structure
  • simpliest form of starch is amylose
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36
Q

what is energy stored as plant

A

starch

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37
Q

whenn sugar is needed for cells what happens

A

polysaccharides are hydrolyzed to release gluclose monomers
- animals have enzymes that can hydroloze plant starch

38
Q

glucose polymers in animals stored as

A

glycogen
- stored in muscle and liver cells as short term energy reserve
- multiple branching points for easy use

39
Q

cellulose

A

major component of the tough wall of plant cells
- glucose monomers in a straight and unbranched structure
- insoluble fiber

40
Q

lipids

A
  • not a macromolecule, not a plymer
  • hydrophobic due to hydrocarbon regions (non polar)
  • fats, phospholipids, steroids
41
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic molecule consisting of only C and H ex CH4
- fats have hydrocarbon components, so does petroleum
- can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy

42
Q

fats are composed of

A

glycerol: 3 carbon alcohol with three hydroxyl groups
- fatty acid: carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

43
Q

fats are hydro…

A

phobic. they separate from water. water molecules hydrogen bond to each-other and exclude the fats

44
Q

triacylglycerol or triglyceride

A

three fatty acids joined by glycerol by an ester linkage

45
Q

fatty acids within a fat

A

be all the same or all different
vary in length
vary in number and location of double bonds

46
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible
- Solid at room temp
- no double bonds
- FA tails are straight, more dense therefore, dense
- most animal fats are saturateed

47
Q

unsaturated fatty acidsONE OR MORE DOUBLE BONDS

A
  • liquid at room temp
  • at least one double bond
  • fewer hydrogen present
  • the tails are less tight, less dense
  • plant and fish fats are usually unsaturated
48
Q

trans fats

A

made by hydrogenating veg oils
- straight, pack tighter, solid

49
Q

fats

A

major function is stored energy
- animals store fat in adipose cells (cushion vital organs insulate body)

50
Q

phospholipid

A
  • two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol
  • form cell/plasma membrane
51
Q

amphipathic

A
  • FA tails are hydrophobic
  • phosphate group forms hydrophilic head
52
Q

steroids

A

lipids characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

53
Q

cholesterol

A
  • component in animal cell membranes
  • a percursor from which steroids are synthesized
54
Q

proteins

A

macromolecule
- polymer made of monomers know an amino acids
- 50% of dry madd in cells
- made of 20 amino acids
- consists of one or more polypeptides

55
Q

amino acid

A

organic molecules with amino and carboxyl group
- differ in their properties die to R group

56
Q

polypeptides

A

unbranched polymers built from these amino acids

57
Q

non polar side chains (amino acid group)

A

hydrophobic 9 of them

58
Q

polar side chains (amino acid groups)

A

hydrophilic 6 of them

59
Q

charged side chains (amino acid groups)

A
  • acidic (neg charge)
  • basic (pos charge)
60
Q

how are amino acids linked

A

peptide bonds

61
Q

what is a polypeptide

A

polymer of amino acids
- each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence

62
Q

what do peptide bonds create

A

polymers with carboxly end (c terminus) and an amino acid end (N terminus)

63
Q

enzymes

A

proteins tha tspeed up chem reactions
often end in ase

64
Q

defensive proteins

A

protection against disease
- antibodies to destory viruses

65
Q

storage proteins

A

storage of amino acids
- protein of milk major source of amino acids for baby animals

66
Q

transport proteins

A

transport
hemoglobin transport iron

67
Q

hormonal proteins

A

coordination of an organisms activities
insulin, take up gluclose regulating blood sugar

68
Q

receptor proteins

A

response of a cell to chemical stimuu
- recpeots bullt into membrane that pick up neurotransmitters

69
Q

structural proteins

A

support
keratin protein of hair

70
Q

contractile and motor proteins

A

movement
responsible fo cilia and flagella movement

71
Q

primary structure

A

one of four levels of structure
- unique sequence of amino acids
- determined by inherited genetic info
- n and c terminals
- can be written in 3 letter codes

72
Q

secondary structure

A

2/4 of the levels of structure of proetins
- constists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain
- alfa helix (coil, held together through hydrogen bonding)
- beta sheets (hydrogen bonding occurs between pleated sheets

73
Q

tertiary structure

A

3/4 levels of structure of proteins
- overall 3d shape of a polypeptide
-stabalized by interactions between various side chains (r groups)
- groups of hydrophilic residues
- gorups of polar charged residues
- disulfide bridges (cysteine)

74
Q

quaternary structure

A

4/4 of the levels of structure of a protein
- results when a protein consists of multple polypeptide chains
- collagen
- hemoglobin

75
Q

sickle cell anemia

A
  • tiny chnages in primary structure sequence can affect protein structure and function
  • hemoglobin- oxygen transporter in out blood
  • sickle cell anemia- inherited blood disorder due to sing aa substitution
76
Q

sickle cell anemia fact

A

allows for malaria resistance when heterozygous

77
Q

determinants of protein structure

A
  • proteins often have several structure before final product
  • physical and chem conditions (pH, salininty, temp)
78
Q

denaturation

A

loss of protein structure, becomes biologically inactive

79
Q

nucleic acids

A

store, transmit, express hereditary info

80
Q

dna

A

deoxyrionucleic acid
- sugar is deoxyribose

81
Q

rna

A

sugar is ribose

82
Q

genes

A

consists of dna
- polymer made from monomers (nucleotides)

  • provides direction for its own replication
  • directs synthesis of messanger rna
  • using mrna, controls protein sythesis>gene expression
83
Q

nucleic acid are polymers, made from monomers called

A

nucleotides

84
Q

each nucleotide contains

A
  • nitrogen base, pentose sugar, phosphate group
  • nitrogenous base -> nucleoside -> nucleotide
85
Q

two families of nitrogenous bases

A

pyrimidines
purines

86
Q

pyrimidines

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil
- single sic membered ring

87
Q

purines

A

adenine and guanine
- six membered ring fused to five-membered ring

88
Q

creating nucleotide polymers

A
  • sugar phosphate backbone with nitrogen base
  • nucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester linkage
  • each backbone has 5’ and 3’ end
89
Q

dna structure

A
  • two antiparallel (run in opposite direction) backbones, double helix
90
Q

base pairing dna

A

A + T
C + G
- complementary base pairing

91
Q

base pairing rna

A

A + U
C + G

92
Q

in rna complemntary base pairing can occur

A
  • between two rna molecules
  • between parts of the same molecule
  • 3d structure of rna is more variable

Bio 217 (14 decks)

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