Topic 3 Flashcards
what are all composed of carbon compounds
proteins, DNA, carbohydrates
organic chem
study of compounds that contain carbon, regardless of orgin
- usually contains H as well
what are the major elements of life
c, h, n, s, p
- reflects the common evolutionary orgin of all life
how many bonds can carbon form
4
creates a versatility
- infinite number of combinations of molecules
what are the most common carbon atoms bond to
H O N
carbon chains form
skeletons or organi molecules
- vary in length and shape
- making large complex molecules possible
diversity in carbon skeletons
length
branch location
double bond location
presence of rings
isomers
same molecular formula but different structures and properties
structural isomers
different covalent arrangments of atoms
cis-trans isomers
same covalent bond but differ in their spatial arrangments
enaantiomers
isomers that are mirror images of each other
- can have different levels of bioloical acitivity
functional groups
- chemical groups involved directly in chem reactions
- based off number, shape, arrangement, charge
estradiol and testosterone example
- sex hormones, drastically different bioloical outcomes but differ only by two functional groups
seven important functional groups in the chem of life
1 hydroxyl group
2 carbonyl group
3 carboxyl group
4 amino group
5 sulfhydryl group
6 phosphate group
7 methyl group
hydroxyl group
- polar due to electronegative O
- forms bonds with water
carbonyl group
c double bonded to O
carboxyl group
c double bonded to O
c bonded to OH
amino group
NH2
sulhydryl group
two SH groups can react forming a cross link that helps to stabalize protein structure
phosphate group
- contributes negative charge
- when attached, confers ability to react with water, releasing energy
ex ATP
methyl group
- affects gene expression
- affects shape and function of sex hormones
atp
adenosine triphosphate
- adenosine attached to a string of phosphate groups
- ato stores potential to react with water
- this energy is used by the cell
all living organisms are made up of
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- nucleic acids
are considered what
macromolecules. not lipids
monomer
repeating units that serve as builiding blocks
- nucleotides, amino acids, monosaccarides
polymer
long molecule consisting of many monomers
- carbohyrates, proteins, nucleic acids
- provides large variety from small set of monomers
dehydration synthesis reaction
creates a polymer from monomer subunits.
- removes the water from monomers (the ending H + OH)
- the monomers are joined where H and OH were removed
hydrolisis reaction
- splits water into H and OH
- H added to one monomer, OH to the other
- monomers are released by the addition of the water molecule
- degrades polymer into monomers
carbohydrates
sugars and polymers of sugars
monosaccarides
simple carbohydrates
polysaccarides
complex carbohydrates, polymers
gluclose
most common monosaccaride
- fructose, galactose are isomers (same formula, diff structure)
- fuel
- classified by number of carbons
disaccharide
two monosaccarides come together through dehydration synthsis
glycosidic linkage
covalent bond between two monomers
- can build a variety of dissachharides and polysacchaides
starch
- storage of polysaccharides of plants
- glucose monomers in a helical structure
- simpliest form of starch is amylose
what is energy stored as plant
starch
whenn sugar is needed for cells what happens
polysaccharides are hydrolyzed to release gluclose monomers
- animals have enzymes that can hydroloze plant starch
glucose polymers in animals stored as
glycogen
- stored in muscle and liver cells as short term energy reserve
- multiple branching points for easy use
cellulose
major component of the tough wall of plant cells
- glucose monomers in a straight and unbranched structure
- insoluble fiber
lipids
- not a macromolecule, not a plymer
- hydrophobic due to hydrocarbon regions (non polar)
- fats, phospholipids, steroids
hydrocarbons
organic molecule consisting of only C and H ex CH4
- fats have hydrocarbon components, so does petroleum
- can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy
fats are composed of
glycerol: 3 carbon alcohol with three hydroxyl groups
- fatty acid: carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
fats are hydro…
phobic. they separate from water. water molecules hydrogen bond to each-other and exclude the fats
triacylglycerol or triglyceride
three fatty acids joined by glycerol by an ester linkage
fatty acids within a fat
be all the same or all different
vary in length
vary in number and location of double bonds
saturated fatty acids
maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible
- Solid at room temp
- no double bonds
- FA tails are straight, more dense therefore, dense
- most animal fats are saturateed
unsaturated fatty acidsONE OR MORE DOUBLE BONDS
- liquid at room temp
- at least one double bond
- fewer hydrogen present
- the tails are less tight, less dense
- plant and fish fats are usually unsaturated
trans fats
made by hydrogenating veg oils
- straight, pack tighter, solid
fats
major function is stored energy
- animals store fat in adipose cells (cushion vital organs insulate body)
phospholipid
- two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol
- form cell/plasma membrane
amphipathic
- FA tails are hydrophobic
- phosphate group forms hydrophilic head
steroids
lipids characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
cholesterol
- component in animal cell membranes
- a percursor from which steroids are synthesized
proteins
macromolecule
- polymer made of monomers know an amino acids
- 50% of dry madd in cells
- made of 20 amino acids
- consists of one or more polypeptides
amino acid
organic molecules with amino and carboxyl group
- differ in their properties die to R group
polypeptides
unbranched polymers built from these amino acids
non polar side chains (amino acid group)
hydrophobic 9 of them
polar side chains (amino acid groups)
hydrophilic 6 of them
charged side chains (amino acid groups)
- acidic (neg charge)
- basic (pos charge)
how are amino acids linked
peptide bonds
what is a polypeptide
polymer of amino acids
- each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence
what do peptide bonds create
polymers with carboxly end (c terminus) and an amino acid end (N terminus)
enzymes
proteins tha tspeed up chem reactions
often end in ase
defensive proteins
protection against disease
- antibodies to destory viruses
storage proteins
storage of amino acids
- protein of milk major source of amino acids for baby animals
transport proteins
transport
hemoglobin transport iron
hormonal proteins
coordination of an organisms activities
insulin, take up gluclose regulating blood sugar
receptor proteins
response of a cell to chemical stimuu
- recpeots bullt into membrane that pick up neurotransmitters
structural proteins
support
keratin protein of hair
contractile and motor proteins
movement
responsible fo cilia and flagella movement
primary structure
one of four levels of structure
- unique sequence of amino acids
- determined by inherited genetic info
- n and c terminals
- can be written in 3 letter codes
secondary structure
2/4 of the levels of structure of proetins
- constists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain
- alfa helix (coil, held together through hydrogen bonding)
- beta sheets (hydrogen bonding occurs between pleated sheets
tertiary structure
3/4 levels of structure of proteins
- overall 3d shape of a polypeptide
-stabalized by interactions between various side chains (r groups)
- groups of hydrophilic residues
- gorups of polar charged residues
- disulfide bridges (cysteine)
quaternary structure
4/4 of the levels of structure of a protein
- results when a protein consists of multple polypeptide chains
- collagen
- hemoglobin
sickle cell anemia
- tiny chnages in primary structure sequence can affect protein structure and function
- hemoglobin- oxygen transporter in out blood
- sickle cell anemia- inherited blood disorder due to sing aa substitution
sickle cell anemia fact
allows for malaria resistance when heterozygous
determinants of protein structure
- proteins often have several structure before final product
- physical and chem conditions (pH, salininty, temp)
denaturation
loss of protein structure, becomes biologically inactive
nucleic acids
store, transmit, express hereditary info
dna
deoxyrionucleic acid
- sugar is deoxyribose
rna
sugar is ribose
genes
consists of dna
- polymer made from monomers (nucleotides)
- provides direction for its own replication
- directs synthesis of messanger rna
- using mrna, controls protein sythesis>gene expression
nucleic acid are polymers, made from monomers called
nucleotides
each nucleotide contains
- nitrogen base, pentose sugar, phosphate group
- nitrogenous base -> nucleoside -> nucleotide
two families of nitrogenous bases
pyrimidines
purines
pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine, uracil
- single sic membered ring
purines
adenine and guanine
- six membered ring fused to five-membered ring
creating nucleotide polymers
- sugar phosphate backbone with nitrogen base
- nucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester linkage
- each backbone has 5’ and 3’ end
dna structure
- two antiparallel (run in opposite direction) backbones, double helix
base pairing dna
A + T
C + G
- complementary base pairing
base pairing rna
A + U
C + G
in rna complemntary base pairing can occur
- between two rna molecules
- between parts of the same molecule
- 3d structure of rna is more variable
