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Bio 217 > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biology def

A

scientific study of life. Ongoing study of the nature of life

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2
Q

Properties of life

A
  • reproduction and all the steps inbetween
    1. order
    2. energy processing
    3. growth and development
    3. evolutionary adaptation
    4. response to enviroment
    4. regulation
    5. reproduction`
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3
Q

5 unifying themes of biology

A
  1. organization
  2. information
  3. energy and matter
  4. interactions
  5. evolution
    - allow us to take a large amount of data and break it into understadable segments
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4
Q

organization

A
  • life can be studied at different levels. different properties will emerge at different levels
    1. biosphere
    2. ecosystems
    3. communities
    4. populations
    5. organisms
    6. organs
    7. tissues
    8. cells
    9. organelles
    10. molecules
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5
Q

organization- reductionist approach (definition)

A

reductionism: studies the isolated components of the living system
- reduces compex systems to simpler components

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6
Q

organization- emergent properties

A

emergent prop: resulst from the arrangment and interaction of parts within a system (bike only works with all the parts)

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7
Q

organization- systems biology

A
  • analysis of the interactions among the parts of a biological system
  • can be used to study life at all levels
  • not studying isolated components
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8
Q

structure and function

A

structure can give idea what the function is/ function can give idea of what the structure would be
- correlation

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9
Q

cells

A

smallest unit of life that can perform all activites required for life

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10
Q

every cell is enclosed by what

A

a membrane that regulates passage of materials between the cell and enviroment
-within cells is DNA

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11
Q

DNA is found in the

A

chromosomes
-humans have 23 pairs

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12
Q

genes are

A

units of inheritance
- encode information for building the molecules synthesized within the cell

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13
Q

what are genes made up of

A

two chains arranged ina. double helix which are replicated in cell division

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14
Q

Dna building blocks are called

A

nucleotides (A, C, G, T)

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15
Q

energy and matter- producers

A

photosynthetic organism- convert light to chemical energy
energy is then passed to consumers

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16
Q

work performed by organisms causes energy to be lost as

A

heat

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17
Q

how does energy flow

A

enters as light and exsits as heat

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18
Q

where to chemicals recycle

A

within an ecosystem
- carbon cycle, water cycle

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19
Q

energy and matter interactions occur in…

A
  • macro level (ecosystem)
  • micro level (cellular molecules)
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20
Q

interactions

A

are important in systems for smooth integration of all the parts

21
Q

interactions occur between 4

A
  • parts of an ecosystem
  • molecules in a cell
  • every layer of biological hierarchy
  • cross talk between different components
22
Q

interactions are important to maintain what

A

homeostatis

23
Q

how do biological systems regulate

A

feedback systems

24
Q

feedback regulation

A

output of process (product) regulates the very process

25
Q

negative feedback

A

most common
response reduces initial stiumulus
- insulin

26
Q

positive feedback

A

less common
response increases own production
- clotting of blood by platelets

27
Q

interactions can cause what

A

influence evolution

28
Q

evolution

A

scientific explanation for unity and diversity of organisms
- process of change that has transformed life on earth

29
Q

what is the result of evolution

A
  • an organisms adaptations to its enviroment
30
Q

Darwins two main in his book on the orgin of species by means of natural selection

A
  • species showed evidence “decent with modification” from common ancestors
  • “natural selection” is the mechanism behind decent with modification
31
Q

natural selection

A
  • individuals with favourable traits are more likely to survive and reporduce
  • over a long time leads to evolution
32
Q

darwin proposed that natural selection gives rise to what

A

two or more decendent species
- ex: two different species of birds rise from common ancestor

33
Q

phylogenetic tree

A
  • provide evolutionary relationships
  • show ancestors and their descendants
34
Q

what is the universal genetic language

A

DNA- common to all organisms
- unity is the evidence among distantly related organisms

35
Q

inquiry def

A

the search for information and explanation of natural phenomena

36
Q

what is data

A

recorded observations

37
Q

statistics

A

analysis of data using math

38
Q

statistically significant

A

the results in the data are not explainable by chnace

39
Q

inductive reasoning

A

type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific obersavtions
- repeating observations can lead to important generalizations

40
Q

deductive reasoning

A

type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise
- inital observations may give rise to mu;tiple hypothesis

41
Q

hypothesis

A

never prove that it is true, but testing it and getting similar results can increase our confidence with it

42
Q

key aspects in scientific theory 3

A
  1. broader in scope than a hypothesis
  2. supported by a much large body of evidence
  3. general, and can produce many new hypothesis
43
Q

scientific theory

A

differs from hypothesis

44
Q

experimental variables and controls

A

ina. controlled experiment an experimental group is compared to the control group

45
Q

experimental variables

A

features or quantities that vary in an experiment

46
Q

independent variable

A

one that is manipulated by researchers

47
Q

dependent variable

A

is the one predicted to be affected in response

48
Q

controlled experiment

A

many experiments are conducted in lab setting, which allows for more control over variables
- field ex much harder to control

49
Q

sample size

A

depends on the experiment being performed
- usually n=3

Bio 217 (14 decks)

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