Topic 1

Question 1

Biology def

Answer 1

scientific study of life. Ongoing study of the nature of life

Question 2

Properties of life

Answer 2

• reproduction and all the steps inbetween
  1. order
  2. energy processing
  3. growth and development
  3. evolutionary adaptation
  4. response to enviroment
  4. regulation
  5. reproduction`

Question 3

5 unifying themes of biology

Answer 3

1. organization
2. information
3. energy and matter
4. interactions
5. evolution
   - allow us to take a large amount of data and break it into understadable segments

Question 4

organization

Answer 4

• life can be studied at different levels. different properties will emerge at different levels
  1. biosphere
  2. ecosystems
  3. communities
  4. populations
  5. organisms
  6. organs
  7. tissues
  8. cells
  9. organelles
  10. molecules

Question 5

organization- reductionist approach (definition)

Answer 5

reductionism: studies the isolated components of the living system
- reduces compex systems to simpler components

Question 6

organization- emergent properties

Answer 6

emergent prop: resulst from the arrangment and interaction of parts within a system (bike only works with all the parts)

Question 7

organization- systems biology

Answer 7

• analysis of the interactions among the parts of a biological system
• can be used to study life at all levels
• not studying isolated components

Question 8

structure and function

Answer 8

structure can give idea what the function is/ function can give idea of what the structure would be
- correlation

Question 9

cells

Answer 9

smallest unit of life that can perform all activites required for life

Question 10

every cell is enclosed by what

Answer 10

a membrane that regulates passage of materials between the cell and enviroment
-within cells is DNA

Question 11

DNA is found in the

Answer 11

chromosomes
-humans have 23 pairs

Question 12

genes are

Answer 12

units of inheritance
- encode information for building the molecules synthesized within the cell

Question 13

what are genes made up of

Answer 13

two chains arranged ina. double helix which are replicated in cell division

Question 14

Dna building blocks are called

Answer 14

nucleotides (A, C, G, T)

Question 15

energy and matter- producers

Answer 15

photosynthetic organism- convert light to chemical energy
energy is then passed to consumers

Question 16

work performed by organisms causes energy to be lost as

Answer 16

heat

Question 17

how does energy flow

Answer 17

enters as light and exsits as heat

Question 18

where to chemicals recycle

Answer 18

within an ecosystem
- carbon cycle, water cycle

Question 19

energy and matter interactions occur in…

Answer 19

• macro level (ecosystem)
• micro level (cellular molecules)

Question 20

interactions

Answer 20

are important in systems for smooth integration of all the parts

Question 21

interactions occur between 4

Answer 21

• parts of an ecosystem
• molecules in a cell
• every layer of biological hierarchy
• cross talk between different components

Question 22

interactions are important to maintain what

Answer 22

homeostatis

Question 23

how do biological systems regulate

Answer 23

feedback systems

Question 24

feedback regulation

Answer 24

output of process (product) regulates the very process

Question 25

negative feedback

Answer 25

most common response reduces initial stiumulus - insulin

Question 26

positive feedback

Answer 26

less common response increases own production - clotting of blood by platelets

Question 27

interactions can cause what

Answer 27

influence evolution

Question 28

evolution

Answer 28

scientific explanation for unity and diversity of organisms - process of change that has transformed life on earth

Question 29

what is the result of evolution

Answer 29

- an organisms adaptations to its enviroment

Question 30

Darwins two main in his book on the orgin of species by means of natural selection

Answer 30

- species showed evidence "decent with modification" from common ancestors - "natural selection" is the mechanism behind decent with modification

Question 31

natural selection

Answer 31

- individuals with favourable traits are more likely to survive and reporduce - over a long time leads to evolution

Question 32

darwin proposed that natural selection gives rise to what

Answer 32

two or more decendent species - ex: two different species of birds rise from common ancestor

Question 33

phylogenetic tree

Answer 33

- provide evolutionary relationships - show ancestors and their descendants

Question 34

what is the universal genetic language

Answer 34

DNA- common to all organisms - unity is the evidence among distantly related organisms

Question 35

inquiry def

Answer 35

the search for information and explanation of natural phenomena

Question 36

what is data

Answer 36

recorded observations

Question 37

statistics

Answer 37

analysis of data using math

Question 38

statistically significant

Answer 38

the results in the data are not explainable by chnace

Question 39

inductive reasoning

Answer 39

type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific obersavtions - repeating observations can lead to important generalizations

Question 40

deductive reasoning

Answer 40

type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise - inital observations may give rise to mu;tiple hypothesis

Question 41

hypothesis

Answer 41

never prove that it is true, but testing it and getting similar results can increase our confidence with it

Question 42

key aspects in scientific theory 3

Answer 42

1. broader in scope than a hypothesis 2. supported by a much large body of evidence 3. general, and can produce many new hypothesis

Question 43

scientific theory

Answer 43

differs from hypothesis

Question 44

experimental variables and controls

Answer 44

ina. controlled experiment an experimental group is compared to the control group

Question 45

experimental variables

Answer 45

features or quantities that vary in an experiment

Question 46

independent variable

Answer 46

one that is manipulated by researchers

Question 47

dependent variable

Answer 47

is the one predicted to be affected in response

Question 48

controlled experiment

Answer 48

many experiments are conducted in lab setting, which allows for more control over variables - field ex much harder to control

Question 49

sample size

Answer 49

depends on the experiment being performed - usually n=3