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Bio 217 > Topic 4 > Flashcards

Topic 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

parameters for microscopy

A
  • magnification
  • resolution
  • contrast
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2
Q

magnification

A

ratio of an objects image sice to real size

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3
Q

resolution

A

minimum distance of two distingushable points

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4
Q

contrast

A

visable differences in brughtness between parts of a sample

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5
Q

what are the different types of microscopy

A

light microscopy
electron microscopy (scanning SEM, transmission TEM)

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6
Q

light microscopy has limit to

A

resolution

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7
Q

cellular components shared between all cells

A
  • plasma/ cell membrane
  • cytosol
  • DNA
  • ribosomes
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8
Q

prokaryotic cells

A
  • no nucleus
  • dna in an unbound region called nucleoid
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • generally smaller than eukaryotic
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9
Q

eukaryotic cells

A
  • dna in nucleus that is bounded by a double membrane
  • membrane bound organelles
  • cytoplasm in the region between plasma membrane and nucleus
  • generally larger
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10
Q

cellular size ratios

A
  • practical limits to size of cells due to metabolic requirements
  • surface area to volume ratio is critical
  • as a cell increases in siz its vollume grows proportionally more than surface area
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11
Q

plasma membrane

A

selective barriier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutruents, and waste
- phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q

we need a large surface area for cellular function due to

A

plasma membrane components

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13
Q

organelles

A

membranes separate cell into compartments

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14
Q

present in animal, not in plant

A
  • lysosome
  • flagellum
  • intermediate filament
  • centrosome
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15
Q

present in plant, not animal

A
  • central vacuole
  • chroloplast
  • plasmodesmata
  • cell wall
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16
Q

nucleus

A

most visable organelle
- contains dna in a eukaryotic cell
- dna is organized into units called chromosomes

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17
Q

nuclear envolope

A

encloses the nucleus, separating nucleus from cytoplasm
- double membrane, each membrane has a phosholipid bilayer
- pores regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus - pore complex

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18
Q

pore complex

A

pores that regulate the entry and exsit of molecules from the nucleus

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19
Q

nucleolus

A

located within the nucleus
- site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
- ribosomes (protein and rRNA) assembled in nucleolus then they are exported

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20
Q

ribosomes

A

make proteins via translation
- made of ribosomal RNA and protein
- cells with high protein synthesis have large numbers of ribosomes

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21
Q

where do ribosomes carry out protein synthesis

A
  • in the cytosol (free ribosomes)
  • on the endoplasmic reticulum or in the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)
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22
Q

endomembrane system

A

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

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23
Q

endomembrane system includes

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • vacuoles
  • plasma membrane

components are either continious or connected by vesicles

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24
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • continous with nuclear envelope
  • smooth: lack ribosomes
  • rough: studded w ribosomes
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25
Q

smooth ER functions

A
  • syntehsize lipids
  • metabolize carbs
  • detoxifies drugs and poisons
  • stores calcium ions
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26
Q

rough ER functions

A
  • bound ribosomes produce proteins
  • make and distribute secretory proteins surrounded by membranes- distrubted by transport vesicles
  • membrane factory for cell
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27
Q

golgi apparatus

A
  • consits of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
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28
Q

golgi function

A

modifies products of the ER (transported by vesicles) and other molecules
- sorts and packages materials into transport vessicles

29
Q

flow of golgi

A
  • cis face receiving side, closest to ER
  • trans face shipping side.
    flows for cis to trans
30
Q

lysosome

A
  • membranous sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest molecules
  • works best in acidic
  • break down amterial
    -PHAGOCYTOSIS engulfing smaller particles
31
Q

lysosome responsible for

A

cellular recycling
- autophagy- acidic enzymes RECYCLE cells own organelles and macromolecules

32
Q

vacuoles

A

large vesicles derived from the ER and golgi apparatus

33
Q

food vacuoles

A

formed by phagocytosis (engulfing smaller particles)

34
Q

contractile vacuoles

A

found in many freshwater protisist, pump excess water out of cells

35
Q

central vacuole

A

found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water

36
Q

mitochandria chem

A

sites of cellular respiration
- uses O2 to generate ATP

37
Q

chloroplasts chem

A

found in plants and algae
- site of photosynthesis
- converts solar enegry to chem energy

38
Q

mito and chloro similarites

A
  • enveloped by double membrane
  • contain free ribosomes and circular dna molecules
  • grow and reporduce independently in cells
    LEAD TO ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY
39
Q

ENDOSYMBIONT theory

A

early ancestor of eukaryotes englufed an oxygen using nonphotosyntehtic cell
- engulfed cell formed relationship with host cell
- evolved into mitochandria
- then it took up photosyntehtic prokayote which evolved into chloroplast

40
Q

mito function

A
  • found in all eurkayotic cells
  • dynamic organelle
  • smooth outer membrane, folded inside membrane CRISTAE
41
Q

what is cristae, function

A

inner layer of mitochandria, creates a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP

42
Q

inner layer of mito creates what

A

intermembrane space and mitochandrial matrix

43
Q

mitochandrial matrix does what

A

some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in the matrix
- contains mitochandrial DNA and ribosomes

44
Q

the chloroplast is one group of plant organelles called

A

plastids

45
Q

chroloplast contains what

A

green pigment called chlorphyll
- includes enzymes and other molecules that function in photosythesis

46
Q

chloropplast structure includes

A

thylakoids: double membrane sacs
- granum: stacks of thylakoids
- stroma: internal fluid, contains DNA and ribosomes

47
Q

perosisome

A

oxidative organelles
- not part of endomembrane system
- contain enzymes which produce hydrogen peroxide then convert to water
- break down fatty acids and reactive oxygen species

48
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • network of fibers that organizes the cells structure and activities
  • anchors organelles
  • dynamic: constantly reassembling
  • throughout cytoplasm
49
Q

what does the cytoplasm do

A

helps support the cell and maintain its shape
- interacts with motor proteins to produce cell mobilityu
- organelles and vvesicles can travel along tracks provided by the cytoskeleton

50
Q

components of cytoskeleton

A
  • microtubules (thickest part)
  • microfilaments (also called actin, thinniest)
  • intermediate filament (fibers with diameters in a middle range)
51
Q

microtubules

A
  • hollow rods made of tubin dimers
  • largest
52
Q

microtubule function

A
  • shaping cell, withstand compression
  • guiding movement of organeeles
  • separating chromosomes during cell division (centrosome/centrioles)
  • cell mobility (cilia, falgella)
53
Q

microfilaments

A
  • solid twisted double chain of actin filaments
  • support cells shape
54
Q

function of microfilaments

A
  • withstand tension (pulled or stretches)
  • cellular mobility and contraction
  • celluar extensions allow for crawling
  • cytoplasmic streaming in plants
55
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • in the middle
  • more permanent cytoskeleton fixtures
  • made up of various sub units
56
Q

function of intermediate filaments

A
  • support cell shape, withstand tension
  • anchor organelles
  • formation of nuclear lamina
57
Q

extracellular components of cells

A
  • most cells synthesize and secrete materials that are external to plasma membrane
  • these extracellular materials and structures are involved in many cellular functions
58
Q

cell wall

A

an extracellular structure that distingushes plant cells from animal cells

59
Q

function of cell wall

A
  • protects plant cell
  • maintain shape, helps resist force of gravity
  • prevents excessive uptake of water
60
Q

what is the cell wall composed of

A

cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccarides and proteins

61
Q

cell wall layers

A
  • middle lamella: thin layer between primary walls of adjecent cells
  • primary cell wall: relatively thing and flexable
  • secondary cell wall: added between the plasma membrane and primary cell wall
62
Q

extracellular matrix

A
  • animal lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborative extracellular matrix (ECM)
63
Q

the ECM is made up of

A

glycloproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans and fibronectin

64
Q

ECM binds to what

A

receptor proteins called integrins
- integrins are attaached to cytoskeleton

65
Q

neighbouring cells need to do what

A

adhere, interact and communicate through direct physical contact

66
Q

plasmodesmata

A

PLANTS
are channels that perforate plant cell walls
- cytosol can pass between cells
- joins most of plant into one licing continuum

67
Q

tight junctions

A

animal
- membrane of neighbouring cells are pressed toegther
- prevents leakage of extracellular fluid

68
Q

desmosomes (anchoring junctions)

A

animal
- fasten cells together into strong sheets

69
Q

gap junctions (communicating junctions)

A

animal
- provide cytoplasmic channels between adjecent cells

Bio 217 (14 decks)

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