Topic 9 - Leadership Flashcards
what are trait theories of leadership?
theories that consider personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders from non-leaders
which three of the big 5 traits give leaders an advantage?
- extroversion
- conscientiousness
- openness to experience
which other characteristics other than the big 5 contribute to leadership?
- self-awareness
- self-regulation
- emotional intelligence
What are behavioral theories of leadership?
theories that propose that specific behaviours differentiate leaders from non-leaders
what were the two findings of the Ohio State studies?
- Initiating structure
2. consideration?
What is initiating structure (ohio studies)?
the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in order to attain goals
what is consideration (ohio studies?)
the extent to which a leader’s job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees’ ideas, and regard for their feelings.
What were the two types of leaders identified in the Michigan Studies?
- Production-Oriented Leader
2. Employee-Oriented Leaders
What is a Production-Oriented Leader?
someone who emphasizes the technical or task aspects of the job, focusing on accomplishing the group’s task
What is an employee-oriented leader?
someone who emphasizes interpersonal relations by taking a personal interest in the needs of employees and accepting individual differences among them
the x axis of the managerial grid represents what?
concern for results
The y axis of the managerial grid represents what?
concern for people
A 1,9 leadership style is called what? what does it mean?
Country Club Management = thoughtful attention to the needs of the people for satisfying relationships leads to comfortable, friendly organization atmosphere and work tempo
A 9,9 leadership style is called what? what does it mean?
Team management = work accomplishment is from committed people, interdependence through a “common stake” in organizational purpose leads to relationships of trust and respect
A 5,5 leadership style is called what? what does it mean?
Middle-Of-The-Road Management = adequate organization performance is possible through balancing the necessity to get work out while maintaining morale of people at a satisfactory level
A 1,1 leadership style is called what? what does it mean?
Impoverished Management = exertion of minimal effort to get required work done is appropriate to sustain organization membership
A 9,1 leadership style is called what? what does it mean?
Authority-Compliance Management = efficiency in operations results from arranging conditions of work in such a way that human elements interfere to the minimum degree
Dichotomies of OB: what are similarities between all the topics?
Visible vs. Not visible
Easy vs. not easy
what is Fiedler’s Contingency Theory?
proposes that effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader’s style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader control
what are the three contingencies outlined in Fiedler’s Contingency Theory?
- Leader-Member Relations - confidence in leader
- Task structure - job assignments
- Power position - influence leader has
What are the two kinds of leaders outlined in Fiedler’s Contingency Theory?
- Task-Oriented leaders
2. Relationship-oriented leaders
What situations are task-oriented leaders more effective? why?
VERY high or VERY low control situations.
High = leader can get away with task-orientation because relations are already good
Low = task-orientation may be the only way to get the job done
When do relationship-oriented leaders perform best?
in moderate control situations
what is House’s Path-Goal Leadership Theory?
It is the leader’s job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide the necessary direction and/or support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization
According to House’s Path-Goal Leadership Theory, what three guidelines should leaders follow to be effective?
- determine the outcomes subordinates want
- reward individuals with their desired outcomes when they perform well
- let individuals know what they need to do to receive rewards
According to House’s Path-Goal Leadership Theory, what are the four styles of leadership?
- directive
- supportive
- participative
- achievement-oriented
If an individual needs to buy-in to decisions, what style should the leader use according to House’s Path-Goal Leadership Theory?
Participative
What is participative leadership according to House’s Path-Goal Leadership Theory
when the leader encourages subordinates to express opinions and suggestions
When individuals have difficulty doing tasks, or the task is ambiguous, which leadership style should be used according to House’s Path-Goal Leadership Theory?
Directive
What is directive leadership according to House’s Path-Goal Leadership Theory?
when the leader gives specific directions and expectations
If individuals are under stress or show that they need to be supported, which leadership style should be used according to House’s Path-Goal Leadership Theory?
supportive
what is supportive leadership according to House’s Path-Goal Leadership Theory?
when a leader encourages sympathetic relations with subordinates
what is achievement-oriented leadership? and in what situation should it be used?
Achievement-oriented leadership is when the leader sets high expectations for subordinates’s performance and should be used when conditions allow ambitious goals, or individuals who like challenges
what is the charismatic leadership theory
followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviours
what are the 4 key characteristics of charismatic leaders?
- vision and articulation
- personal risk
- sensitivity to follower’s needs
- unconventional behaviour
How do charismatic leaders influence followers?
- articulating an appealing vision
2. having a a vision statement - a formal articulation of an organization’s vision or mission
what is a transactional leader?
leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements
What are the 4 possible characteristics of a transactional leader?
- contingent reward
- management by exception (active)
- management by exception (passive)
- laissez-faire
With regards to Transactional leadership, what is a leader who uses contingent reward?
contracts exchange of rewards for effort, promises rewards for good performance. Recognizes accomplishments
With regards to Transactional leadership, what is a leader who uses management by exception (active)
watches and searches for deviations from rules and standards, takes correct action
With regards to Transactional leadership, what is a leader who uses management by exception (passive)
intervenes only if standards are not met
What is laissez-faire leadership?
when the leader abdicates responsibilities and avoids making decisions
What are transformational leaders?
leaders who inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests and who are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on followers
what are the four characteristics of a transformational leader?
- idealized influence - provides vision, instills pride
- inspirational motivations - communicates high expectations
- intellectual stimulation - promotes problem solving
- individualized consideration - coaches employees individually
