Theory Examples - Midterm Flashcards
In class #3, we watched a clip from the 12 Angry Men movie. One juror was trying to convince the other jurors why he thinks the boy was guilty. He said the reason he voted “guilty” is because: “Look at his record. He was in Children’s Court when he was ten for throwing a rock at his teacher. At 14, he was in Reform School. He stole a car. He’s been arrested for mugging. He was picked up twice for trying to slash another teenager with a knife…” Which of the following concepts can BEST describe the perceptual error committed by this juror?:
1) Fundamental Attribution Error
2) Selective Perception
3) Halo Effect
4) Projection
3) Halo Effect
Which of the following statements about personality is CORRECT:
A) An individual’s personality is predetermined at birth; hence, it remains stable
throughout an individual’s lifetime.
B) Many empirical studies are against the validity of Myers-Briggs Type Indicators
(MBTI) primarily because there is no in-between type.
C) Research finds that people who have a higher level of extraversion are less likely
to be impulsive or engage risky behaviour.
D) In terms of job performance, researchers did not find difference between people
with positive core self-evaluations and people with negative core self-evaluations
B
In class (#2), we watched a video of “crazy Indian traffic.” This video vividly
illustrates which of the following statement about national culture:
A. India has a low level of uncertainty avoidance.
B. India has a high level of uncertainty avoidance.
C. India has a high level of collectivism.
D. India has a high level of long-term orientation
A
Which of the following statement about Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory is
A. Maslow’s theory hypothesizes that when a need becomes substantially satisfied,
the next leveled need becomes dominant.
B. Some recent research concluded that research findings overall supported
Maslow’s theory.
C. Maslow’s theory hypothesizes that a substantially satisfied need no longer
motivates.
D. Very few studies provide empirical evidence to Maslow’s theory; therefore, this
theory should not be recommended to managers to use.
D
A supervisor of a clothing store developed an evaluation system in order to motivate
her employees. The single most heavily weighted evaluation criterion is sales revenue
and the sales revenue is directly tied to employees’ salaries. However, a few weeks
after implementing this evaluation system, she noticed that although her employees
were trying harder to sell clothing, “the other aspects” of the store have not gotten
better, including organizing the stocks, quality of customer services, and store
cleanliness. Applying the Expectancy Theory, which of the following “link” is
missing for “the other aspects” of the store in the current evaluation system:
A. Expectancy
B. Instrumentality
C. Reward
D. Valence
B
Which of the following statement about team development is CORRECT:
A. According to the research, team development follows a five-step linear order:
forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning.
B. It is possible that some teams will never reach the performing stage.
C. Temporary groups with deadlines also follow the five-stage development model.
D. A team without conflicts is more likely to be effective.
B
Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of an effective team:
A. An effective team requires an evaluation system that measures the team’s overall
performance but not individual performances.
B. An effective team’s size normally should be around 5-9 people.
C. According to research, a highly disagreeable person can disrupt a team’s
dynamics and lead to ineffectiveness.
D. An effective team should have minimized groupthink and social loafing
A
Susan is an ambitious girl. At the beginning of the semester, she signed herself up for
many extra-curriculum activities and joined many students groups. With the semester
progressing, her schoolwork started getting heavier and becoming more demanding.
Some of her extra-curriculum activities became distractions. She realized that she
over-committed herself. However, Susan was not willing to give up. She continued to
work very hard while participating in all the extra-curriculum activities. When the
semester was approaching to the end, Susan got totally burned out with many final
exams and her multiple responsibilities/commitments with extra-curriculum activities.
She got sick and ended up in a hospital on the day of her last final exam. In this case,
Susan decided not to let go some of her extra-curriculum activities, which one of the
following can BEST describe this decision-making judgment shortcut:
A. Anchoring bias
B. Risk aversion
C. Escalation of commitment
D. Hindsight bias
C
Tony is a CEO of a major hospital. The hospital is facing some serious financial
challenges. According to a report provided by an external consulting company, one
strategy is to conserve resources and reduce staff numbers, including laying-off 300
nurses, and 300 staff members, and 20 physicians. If the hospital implements this
plan, it is hopeful that the hospital can balance its budget within five years. One
morning, Tony woke up and had an idea in the shower. He said to himself, “No, we
can’t layoff the nurses. If we do, it will send a negative message to the outside
community. People will think we will have poorer quality of care and it can be very
damaging to us. We have always been known for high quality of care.” So he made
the decision of not laying off nurses. Which of the following decision-making model
can BEST describe the decision-making process Tony went through:
A. Rational decision-making model
B. Bounded rational decision-making model
C. Intuition decision-making model
D. Creative decision-making model
C
When distinctiveness (“other situations”) level is higher, the likelihood of us committing the fundamental attribution error is _____________.
A) Higher
B) Lower
B) Lower
When consensus (“other people”) level is higher, the likelihood of us committing the fundamental attribution error is _____________.
A) High
B) Low
B) Low
When consistency (“in the past”) level is higher, the likelihood of us committing the fundamental attribution error is _____________.
A) High
B) Low
A) High
The assumption of some needs theories of motivation:
All humans have similar innate need structure.
A) True.
B) False.
B) False
The most motivating job for a high achiever is:
A) Have a low degree of personal responsibility
B) Have a high degree of feedback.
C) Have no risk.
B
True of False: A high need to achieve often makes one a good general manager.
A) True
B) False
B) False
T/F:
The Presence of motivators can increase job satisfaction
True
T/F:
The presence of hygiene factors can increase job satisfaction
False
T/F:
The absence of motivators can decrease job dissatisfaction
C
T/F:
The absence of hygiene factors can decrease job dissatisfaction.
True
T/F:
Lack of motivators does not increase job dissatisfaction
True
T/F:
Lack of hygiene factors does not increase job dissatisfaction.
False
T/F:
Lack of hygiene factors increase job dissatisfaction.
True
Jack was asked to apply to be the next Director of the department because of his qualitifactions, but he has no interest of this promotion citing the diretorship will be a barrier for him to achieve work-life balance. Apply Expectancy Theory to diagnose his lack of motivation.
A) Expectancy is low.
B) Instrumentality is low.
C) Valence is low.
C
Jack is motivated to study for the final exam, even if he had 3 out of 5 absences and has not done any of the readings. Apply expectancy theory and diagnose his lack of motivation.
A) Expectancy is low.
B) Instrumentality is low.
C)Valence is low.
A
Jack did not find the end-of-the-year bonus a big motivator to improve his work because he knows according to his past experience that everybody got it regardless of the performance. Apply expectancy theory and diagnose his lack of motivation.
A) Expectancy is low.
B) Instrumentality is low.
C) Valence is low.
B
Jack’s boss praised him for his performance last year. This year, she assigned Jack more work because she said Jack is very competent comparing to others. Others maintain the same amount of work instead. Jack did not find this increased responsibility is motivating for him at work. Apply Expectancy Theory and dignose Jack’s lack of motivation.
A) Expectancy is low.
B) Instrumentality is low.
C) Valence is low.
C
Doctors and nurses meet regularly to discuss how to improve patient care. What kind of team is this?
A) Problem-solving (or process-improvement) team
B) Self-managed (or self-directed) team
C) Cross-functional (or project) team
D) Virtual team
A
implement these decisions by themselves without direct supervision. These teams are:
A) Problem-solving (or process-improvement) teams
B) Self-managed (or self-directed) teams
C) Cross-functional (or project) teams
D) Virtual teams
B
This research team included experts from different disciplines and countries. They all work together to make contribution of our understanding and treatment to cancer. This team is BEST described as:
A) Problem-solving (or process-improvement) teams
B) Self-managed (or self-directed) teams
C) Cross-functional (or project) teams
D) Virtual teams
C
Research finding: Individuals whose intellectual and interpersonal abilities are the weakest are ________likely to overestimate their performance and ability:
A) Most
B) Least
A) Most
Research finding: The more optimistic of an entrepreneurs, the ______ successful he or she is.
A) More
B) Less
B) less
highly cohesive groups with strongly connected members are more or less likely to commit groupthink?
More
Which of the following statements about personality is CORRECT:
A) An individual’s personality is predetermined at birth; hence, it remains stable throughout an individual’s lifetime.
B) Many empirical studies are against the validity of Myers-Briggs Type Indicators (MBTI) primarily because there is no in-between type.
C) Research finds that people who have a higher level of extraversion are less likely to be impulsive or engage risky behaviour.
D) In terms of job performance, researchers did not find difference between people with positive core self-evaluations and people with negative core self-evaluations.
B
12 Angry Men: "She is one of them too, isn't she?" "you didn't believe him, why did you believe her?" A) Stereotyping B) Selective Perception C) Projection D) Contrast Effect
B) Selective Perception
“Is these kids. This is what they are nowadays. When I was a kid, I used to call my father sir…I got one. Twenty two years old....Hit me in the jaw. He was a big kid. Haven’t seen him for two years. Kids...” A) Stereotyping B) Projection C) Halo Effect D) Self-Serving Bias
B) Projection
4. “He was born in a slum. Slums are breeding grounds for criminals. I know it and so do you. Its no secret children from slub backgrounds are potential menaces to society.” A) Stereotyping B) Projection C) Halo Effect D) Self-Serving Bias
A) Stereotyping
Seating arrangement is according to seniority and individual's titles/positions A) Short Term Orientation B) Low uncertainty avoidance C) Power distance D) collectivism
C) power distance
The "crazy Indian traffic" is an example of: A) high uncertainty avoidance B) low uncertainty avoidance C) collectivism D) short term orientation
B
There is not a Chinese phrase to express “self-interested” (language reflecting culture), but only “selfish.” A) collectivism B) individualism C) masculinity D) low uncertainty avoidance
A) collectivism
Grandparents get served first. A) collectivism B) individualism C) power distance D) low uncertainty avoidance
C) power distance
Very little use of “I” in Japanese language. – considered rude. A) power distance B) high uncertainty avoidance C) Restraint D) Collectivism
D) collectivism
As a norm, students were not given very detailed syllabus at the beginning of the semester. A) collectivism B) feminism C) low uncertainty avoidance D) indulgence
Low uncertainty avoidance
there are no "stop" signs in a country A) short-term orientation B) long-term orientation C) high uncertainty avoidance D) low uncertainty avoidance
Low uncertainty avoidance
Wedding invitations were not sent until one week before the wedding A) short-term orientation B) long-term orientation C) high uncertainty avoidance D) low uncertainty avoidance
Low uncertainty avoidance
Women are not expected to be in important positions A) collectivism B) individualism C) masculinity D) low uncertainty avoidance
Masculinity
Men often look after their children as frequently as mothers do A) femininity B) individualism C) masculinity D) low uncertainty avoidance
Femininity
People are generally more tolerant to live on credit A) Short term orientation B) long-term orientation C) high uncertainty avoidance D) low uncertainty avoidance
Short term orientation
People feel they are entitled to vacation time each year A) Short term orientation B) long-term orientation C) high uncertainty avoidance D) low uncertainty avoidance
Short Term orientation
People generally prefer early retirement: A) Short term orientation B) Restraint C) Indulgence D) low uncertainty avoidance
Indulgence vs. restraint (idk which one)
“my pay is low” is an example of which component of an attitude?
A) cognitive
B) affective
C) action
A
“I’m angry over how little I am paid” is an example of which component of an attitude?
A) cognitive
B) affective
C) action
B
“I’m going to look for another job that pays better” is an example of which component of an attitude?
A) cognitive
B) affective
C) action
C
"I got the pay raise I deserved" is an example of: A) distributive justice B) procedural justice C) informational justice D) interpersonal Justice
A
"The raise I received was lower than I had hopes, but my manager explained that department cutbacks were the reason" is an example of: A) distributive justice B) procedural justice C) informational justice D) interpersonal Justice
C) informational
"When telling me about my raise, my supervisor was very nice and complimentary" is an example of: A) distributive justice B) procedural justice C) informational justice D) interpersonal Justice
D
"I had input into the process used to give raises and was given a good explanation of why I received the raise I did" is an example of: A) distributive justice B) procedural justice C) informational justice D) interpersonal Justice
B
unfair hiring process is an example of: A) distributive injustice B) procedural injustice C) informational injustice D) interpersonal injustice
B) procedural
"I was not included in the emailing list due to my low seniority" is an example of: A) distributive injustice B) procedural injustice C) informational injustice D) interpersonal injustice
Informational
"Pet employees" getting better job tasks is an example of: A) distributive injustice B) procedural injustice C) informational injustice D) interpersonal injustice
interpersonal
"The manager made his own decision and only "consulted" us afterwards" is an example of: A) distributive injustice B) procedural injustice C) informational injustice D) interpersonal injustice
C
"I performed better but my coworker got the reward" is an example of: A) distributive injustice B) procedural injustice C) informational injustice D) interpersonal injustice
A
"People tend to overestimate unlikely events such as being in an airplane crash, suffering complications from medical treatment, or getting fired" is an example of which bias? A) Hindsight B) Randomness C) Availability D) anchoring
Availability
"We were laying garden stepping stones. Dad made sure we don't lay 13 pieces by either 12 or 14" is an example of which bias? A) randomness B) confirmation C) overconfidence D) anchoring
A) randomness
"Had blockbuster leveraged their brand to offline streaming an kiosks, they could have avoided failure" is an example of which bias? A) Availability B) hindsight C) Confirmation D) Overconfidence
B) hindsight
.Which of the following statement about the concept of “perception” is incorrect:
A) Perception is a subjective interpretation and sometimes we commit perceptual errors.
B) Perception is a subjective interpretation, but there may not be the right or wrong perception for a certain behaviour.
C) Perception can be seen as a mental shortcut for us to “speed read” others and our environment.
D) Perceptual errors occur naturally and it is impossible for us to avoid committing them.
D) Perceptual errors occur naturally and it is impossible for us to avoid committing them.
Which value in the following is considered a "terminal value" according to Rokeach Value Survey? A) Happiness B) Ambitious C) Honest D) Capable
A
In class, we watched the Crazy Indian Traffic video. Which of the following statement about this video is incorrect:
A. This video shows that although traffic seems to be chaotic, people are still following informal norms to avoid crashes.
B. This video shows that India’s culture has a low level of uncertainty avoidance.
C. This video shows that India’s culture has a high level of uncertainty avoidance.
D. This video shows that formal rules sometimes are not being complied
C) high level of uncertainty avoidance
Which of the following statements about motivation theories is INCORRECT?
A. Humans have multiple motivators, but in general, we can categorize them into intrinsic motivators and extrinsic motivators.
B. To motivate a person, not only we need to consider motivators but also the process of motivations.
C. Herzberg’s two-factor theory can also be seen as a job satisfaction theory.
D. Process theories of motivation are more valid than the needs theory of motivation
D) Process theories of motivation are more valid than the needs theory of motivation
Which of the following statements about teamwork is correct?
A. In a team setting, we would want to have a formal environment, so members can take things seriously.
B. Effective teams encourage open communication and participation.
C. It is important for teams to make decisions by reaching consensus.
D. Team members should support each other and avoid conflicts because conflicts are disruptive
B) effective teams encourage open communication and participation
In the 12 Angry Men movie, during the preliminary vote, a juror first watched others, when he saw the majority of the jury raised their hands and then decided to raise his hand. This phenomenon can be BEST describes as:
A) groupthink
B) social loafing
C) forming
D) norming
A - Groupthink
Danny has always been a weak swimmer and was always afraid of water as a child. This summer, he worked really hard and practiced swimming everyday for two hours.At the end of summer, he can swim really well. He met a friend at the pool one day, and his friend was convinced Danny is a gifted born swimmer but could not believe he could not swim well before for a long time. Which of the following can BEST describe the perceptual error committed by Danny’s new friend:
A) Self-serving bias
B) fundamental attribution error
C) selective perception
D) Halo effect
B) FAE
Mindy felt she didn’t do well in her exam. As soon as she finished her exam, she found her best friend asking anxiously whether he felt the exam was too hard and unfair. Her friend sensed that Mindy was upset but in fact he did not agree with her, but he said he agreed with her anyway. Which of the following judgment shortcut can BEST described Mindy’s anxious questioning of her friend’s impression about the exam:
A) Overconfidence bias
B) anchoring bias
C) confirmation bias
D) randomness error
C) confirmation bias
Joseph was hoping to get some support of his new initiative, although he knew his manager is not supportive of his idea. Before the meeting, he convinced two friends who agreed to vote for his initiative. During the meeting, at the beginning, his manager made a presentation against his initiative. After the presentation, his friends changed his mind, without a full discussion, the whole group voted down Joseph’s idea. Which of the following concept can BEST describe the phenomenon in this case:
A) risk aversion
B) free riding
C) groupshift
D) hindsight bias
C) groupshift
Which of the following statements about team dynamics is incorrect:
A. It is possible that a team can form both positive and negative norms.3
B. Research shows that the most effective way of evaluating a team’s performance is to assess the team as a whole but not assess team member’s performance individually.
C.Highly cohesive teams are more likely to commit groupthink.
D. Effective teams tend to demonstrate characteristics of shared leader
B - Research shows that the most effective way of evaluating a team’s performance is to assess the team as a whole but not assess team member’s performance individually.
Mei’s final exam is approaching. She is anxious about it because she has not studied for this course in the past 5 weeks after the midterm exam. She still has not completed the assigned reading and did not attend classes either. Now she is sitting in front of her desk facing mounted papers and a thick textbook. It does not seem to be possible to catch up so much within a short time. Although she feels panicked a bit, she does not feel motivated to study. Applying the Expectancy Theory, which of the following reason is BEST to describe Mei’s lack of motivation
A. Mei’s expectancy is low.
B. Mei’s instrumentality is low.
C. Mei’s value is low.
D. All the above.
A) low expectancy
- In China, people are taught that hard work is the route to accomplishment. When faced with either a success or a failure, Chinese individuals first introspect about whether they tried hard enough or whether their attitude was correct. Which of the following can BEST describe this situation
A. Chinese individual are less likely to commit self-fulfilling prophecy.
B. Chinese individuals are less likely to commit fundamental attribution error.
C. Chinese individuals are less likely to commit perceptual error.
D. Chinese individual are less likely to commit self-serving bias.
D) self-serving bias
- Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory distinguishes the so-called hygiene factors and motivators. Which of the following is a motivator but NOT a hygiene factor:
A. security
B. company policy and administration
C. working condition
D. recognition of achievement
D) Recognition of achievement
- Jeff, Cindy and Tanya are working on a three-person group project. Tanya is very keen and has already done lots of research. Jeff also worked hard. Cindy, who is currently breaking up with her boyfriend, is always distracted. Cindy feels lucky that both Tanya and Jeff are working hard and she feels it is okay if she just attends all the discussion meetings and does not really contribute. Cindy’s behavior can BEST be described as
A. interpersonal conflict
B. social loafing
C. groupthink
D. groupshift
B) social loafing
