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Anatomy Midterm 2 (20%) NOV 14 (6 - 7 pm) > Topic 9 Integumentary System > Flashcards

Topic 9 Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

List the components of the integumentary system

A

Skin, Hair, nails, glands,
Sensory receptors (telling you about the world around you) and
Muscles

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2
Q

What are the different Skin layers

A

Epidermis (upper) = Superifical
Dermis (lower) = deep

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3
Q

Describe the epidermis of the skin, listing the five strata in order from deepest to most superifical

A

Epidermis of the skin is stratified squamous epithelium , avascular and it is separated into 4-5 strata (layers)

4-5 strata from deepest to superficial
1) stratum basale (2 cell types keratinocytes and melanocytes)
2) stratum spinosum
3) stratum granulosum
4) stratum lucidum
5) stratum corneum

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4
Q

Describe the structure of the five strata of the epidermis

A

Stratum basale: single row of cells (next to CT deepest layer of epithelial) - single row of cells
contains 2 cell types
1) keratinocytes (90%)
- undergo mitosis, make keratin (tough protein)
- migrate to surface as new cells are produced in basale

**2) melanocytes (10%) **
- produce pigment (melanin - for uv light protection)
- e.g against sunburns, wrinkles, collagen damage, cancer (DNA damage)
- skin colour: we all have the same relative number of melanocytes but cells produce diff amounts/shades of melanin (e.g freckles - melanin in eyes too
Albinism/achromia = no melanin - in areas of thin skin, blood (hemoglobin) from dermis is visible giving pinkish tinge - nail beds, lips

Stratum spinosum: limited cell division (look like they have spines = “spinosum”)

Stratum granulosum: contains dark-staining granules (very thin, really dark and skinny)

stratum lucidum: flat, dead cells ( grey appearance, too far from blood supply)
- only visible in thick skin

stratum corneum: 20-30 layers of flat,dead cells filled with keratin (tough protein), surrounded by waterproofing glycolipid (prevents water loss from leaking out)
- shed and replaced from below

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5
Q

What’s located in the dermis layer?

A

Contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles

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6
Q

What is areolar CT (review question) what part of the integumentary system is this a part of?

A

A type of Loose connective tissue proper
* cells are fibroblast/fibrocytes
* Contains loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibres surrounded by a ground substance hyaluronic acid
* Highly vascular

This is a part of the papillary layer of the dermis

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7
Q

What is dense irregular CT (review question) where is this found in the integumentary system

A

A type of Dense CT
* it contains Collagen fibers arranged iregularly
* e.g dermis of skin

Found in the dermis of skin which is a part of the reticular layer (makes up most of the dermis)

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8
Q

What is adipose CT (review question)
Where is it found in the integumentary system?

A

A type of loose CT
- has very little matrix
cells are large adiposecytes which stores triglycerides (tissue look like chicken wire
- highly vascular

In skin this is a part of the hypodermis (aka superficial fascia, or subcutaneous layer)
- stores 1/2 of bodys adipose tissue used for insulation

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9
Q

What are the 2 sublayers of the dermis layer? name the tissues in these layers

A

2 sub layers CT from mesoderm
**1) Papillary layer **
- areolar CT
- Vascular
- Dermal papillae = has projections into the epidermis
- In thick skin, these form epidermal ridges (finger prints = imrpove grip)

**2) Reticular later **
- Most of dermis
- dense irregular CT (look at skin)

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10
Q

Hypodermis characteristics

A

Not part of the skin
Subcutaneous layer or Superficial fascia (any terms work)

Adipose CT below the skin
store 1/2 of body’s adipose tissue (acts as insulation) - layer of fat under skin

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11
Q

Stratum Basale

A

next to connective tissue and is the deepest layer of Epithelial which is a single row of cells
contain two cells, keratinocytes and melaninocytes

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12
Q

Keratinocytes

A

(90% of cells in layer, stratum basale)
A cell type thats a part of the stratum basale
Undergo mitosis
Make keratin (tough protein)
Migrate to surface as new cells produced in basale

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13
Q

Melanocytes

A

take up 10% of the layer, stratum basale
Produce pigment (melanin) (for uv light protection)

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14
Q

Explain the source of the colour of skin

A

Melanocytes (take up 10% of the layer, stratum basale)
produces pigment (melanin) for uv light protection
e.g against sunburns, wrinkles (collagen damage), and cancer (DNA damage)
- we all have the same relative number of melanocytes, but cells produce diff amounts/sahdes of melanin (e.g freckles or the melanin in our eyes)

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15
Q

What is Albinism/achromia?

A

no melanin
in areas of thin skin, blood (hemoglobin)
for demis it is visible giving pinkish tinge - nail beds, lips

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16
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Limited cell dviision

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17
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

contains dark-staining granules

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18
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Flat, deadells (too far from blood supply)
visible only in thick skin

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19
Q

Stratum corneum

A

20-30 layers of flat, dead cells filled with keratin (tough protein) surrounded by waterproofing glycolipid (prevents water loss)

Shed and replaced from below

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20
Q

What is located in the dermis and describe the two layers of the dermis

A

the dermis contains blood vessels, nerse, gland and hair follicles (THESE ARE JUST LOCATED HERE THEY ARE NOT THE DERMIS)

2 sublayers (Both are from CT and arise from the mesoderm)
1) papillary layer
- areolar CT
- vascular
- has projections into the epidermis = dermal papillae
- in thick skin, these form epidermal ridges = finger prints (improve grip)

2) reticular layer
- most of dermis
- dense irregular CT (look at skin e.g if stretched too much to quickly = stretch marks = little damage to reticular layer of dermis)

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21
Q

Papillary layer

A

Contains Areolar CT
vascular
has projections into the epidermis = Dermal papillae

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22
Q

Dermal papillae

A

A part of the papillary layer of the dermis
Dermal papillae are projections into the epidermis of the dermis

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23
Q

Epidermal ridges

A
  • a part of the papillary layer of the dermis
    contain dermal papillae (projections into the epidermis) and in thick skin these are finger prints (improve grip)
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24
Q

Reticular layer

A

Most of the dermis
dense irregular CT

look at skin ex) if stretched too much too quickly = stretch marks = little damage to reticular layer of dermis

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25
Q

Hypodermis is also known as the

A

subcutaneous layer or superficial facia

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26
Q

Desribe the hypodermis

A

aka the subcutaneous layer or superficial Fascia
Fascia = CT layers that surround and support organs
- adipose CT below the skin
- store 1/2 of body’s adipose tissue (insulation)

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27
Q

What is the Fascia

A

CT layers that surround and support organs

28
Q

explain the difference between thin and thick skin

A

Thin and thick skin refers to the epidermis

Thin skin:
Lucidim is not apparent (might be there just can’t see it)
has hair follicles, sebaceous glands, arrector pilli muscles

Thick skin
found on the palm of the hand and the sole of the food
lucidum visible (very clearly, thinner in some places)
no hair follicles, sebaceous glands (oil glands) or arrector pilli muscles

29
Q

What are epidermal derivatives

A

All derived (formed) from the epidermis

30
Q

List the Epidermal derivatives of skin

A

Hair, nails and skin

31
Q

Describe the structure of Hair and the hair follicles

A

Hair is an epidermal derivative
Hair is all dead cells
It contains Root, shaft and hair follicles

1) Root: dead cells below the surface of the skin
2)shaft: above the skin surface

3) hair follicle - surrounds root containts epithelial root sheath, bulb and hair matrix
- 1) Epithelial root sheath: several epidermal layers extend into the dermis
- 2) bulb: expanded region at base of foot
- 3) hair matrix: single layer of cells
- derived from basale cells
- site of hair growth and melanin for hair color

32
Q

What are the different parts of hair

A

Root, shaft, hair follicle

The hair follicle contains (epithelial rooth sheath, bulb, and the hair matrix)

33
Q

What is the root

A

dead cells below the surface of the skin

34
Q

What is the shaft

A

above the skin surface

35
Q

What is the Hair follicle?
list the strucutures of the hair follicle

A

Surrounds the root
contains epithelial rooth sheath, bulb and hair matrix

36
Q

What is the epithelial root sheath

A

contains several epidermal layers that extend (deep) into the dermis (a part of the hair follicle that surrounds the root)

37
Q

What is the bulb

A

It is a part of the hair follicle that surrounds the root

The bulb is the expanded region at the base of root

38
Q

What is the hair matrix

A

the hair matrix is a single layer of cells thats a part of the hair follicle (surrounds root)
- derived from basale cells
- Site of hair growth and melanin for hair color

39
Q

List and describe the structures assosciated with hair follicles

A

Dermal root sheath, hair papilla, root hair plexus, sebaceous (oil) gland, and arrector pili muscle (smooth muscle)

Dermal rooth sheath: CT holds follicle in place (formed from the dermis)

hair papilla: extends upward beneath matrix
- contains blood supply for growing hair and signals for its regulation
- dermal

root hair plexus: free nerve ending (touch)

sebaceous (oil) glands: opens into follicle

Arrector pili muscle (smooth muscle): causes “goosebumps”

40
Q

Dermal root sheath

A

assosciated with each hair follicle (surrounds root)
holds follicle in place (formed from the dermis)

41
Q

hair papilla

A

assosciated with each hair follicle (surrounds root) extends upward beneath matrix
- contains blood supply for growing hair and signals for its regulation
- dermal

42
Q

Root hair plexus

A

assosciated with each hair follicle (surrounds root)
free nerve ending

43
Q

sebaceous (oil) gland

A

assosciated with each hair follicle (surrounds root)
opens into follicle

44
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

assosciated with each hair follicle (surrounds root)
smooth muscle that causes goosebumps

45
Q

Describe the strucutres of nails

A

very heavily keratinized epidermal cells
Nails consists of:
nail root (buried in skin)
body (visible portion)
free edge

46
Q

Describe Exocrine glands (review question)

A

Exocrine glands are a type of glandular epithelium which is used for secretion
- They secret products onto body surface or into a body cavity
There are two types of exocrine glands unicellular or multicellular

**1) unicellular: goblet cells **
- secrete mucus (into a cavity)
- in the digestive, urinary, reproductive and respiratory tracts

2) multicellular:
- consists of secretory and duct cells (ducts connect secretions to surface of cavity)
- e.g glands: sudiferous (sweat), sebacous (oil), mammary and digestive

47
Q

Describe the characteristics of the exocrine glands of the skin

A

Sebaceous glands, sudiferous glands, ceruminous and mammary glands

1) Sebaceous glands: connected mainly to hair follicles
- secrete sebum (oily - mix of fats, salts, proteins)
- softens, lubricates hair and skin, prevents drying out, antibiotic

2) sudiferous glands
- sweat glands
- secretory portions in dermis of thick and thin skin
- ducts open onto skin surface
- Sweat: cools the body, is antibiotic, removes wastes (urea, etc.)

3) ceruminous
- modified sweat glands
- in ear canal
- produce ear wax

4) mammary glands
- modified sweat glands
- produce milk

48
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

An exocrine gland of the skin
connected mainly to hair follicles
secrete sebum (oily mix of fats, salts, proteins)
softens lubricates hair and skin, prevents drying out, antibiotic

49
Q

Sebum

A

what the sebaceous glands (an exocrine gland of the skin) secretes it is an oily mix of fats, salts and proteins
- it softens,lubricates hair and skin, prevents drying out, antibiotic

50
Q

Sudiferous glands

A

An exocrine gland of the skin
sweat glands
secrete portions in demris of thick and thin skin
ducts open onto skin surface
sweat:
- cools the body, is antibiotic (acidic), and removes wastes (urea, etc.) - body doesnt like acidic enviornments

51
Q

Ceruminous

A

An exocrine gland of the skin
modified sweat glands
in ear canal
produce ear wax (prevents insects etc. from entering)

52
Q

Mammary glands

A

An exocrine gland of the skin
modified sweat glands - produce milk

53
Q

Cutaneous sense receptors

A

Specialized to respond to stimuli (touch, temperature, pain)

54
Q

Receptors

A

ending of a sensory neuron (part of the nervous system) - helps us survive

55
Q

What are the four major types of cutaneous sense receptors

A

touch receptors, pressure recepotrs, thermo receptors and nociceptors

56
Q

Whats found in touch receptors

A

touch = surface
Touch receptors contain free nerve endings located in the epidermis, root hair plexuses, meisserners corpuscles found in the dermal papillae

57
Q

Free nerve endings

A

located in the epidermis layer involved in the major type of cutaneous sense receptors, the touch receptors
They help with senses of itch, pain, tickles, cold or warmth

58
Q

Root hair plexuses

A

Part of one of the cutaneous sense receptors, the touch receptors

59
Q

Meissner’s copuscles

A

Are encapsuled nerve endings (ct surrounding = corpuscle)
found in the dermal paillae

60
Q

Corpuscle

A

connective tissue capsule surrounding the nerve ending

61
Q

what are pressure receptors

A

Contain 2 parts
Free nerve endings and pacinian corpuscles

62
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

deep in dermis or hypodermis

63
Q

What are thermo receptors

A

free nerve endings for temperature
ex) hot or cold dont have to be in epidermis but can be in dermis too

64
Q

What are nociceptors

A

free nerve endings for pain
3rd degree burns = no pain because noicicpetors are destroyed (hypodermis or to muscle)

65
Q

1st degree burn

A

top layer (epidermis)

66
Q

2nd degree burn

A

second layer (dermis)

67
Q

3rd degree burn

A

hypodermis or to muscle
3rd degree burns = no pain because noicicpetors are destroyed

Anatomy Midterm 2 (20%) NOV 14 (6 - 7 pm) (7 decks)

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