Topic 10 Skeletal System Flashcards
describe the human body in anatomical position
feet, face, palms forward
list the Directional terms (refer to other flashcard set that defines the terms)
anterior vs. posterior
proximal vs. distal
contralateral vs ipsilateral
medial vs lateral (intermediate)
superficial vs. deep
superior vs. inferior
what are the 2 divisions of the skeleton
Axial and appendicular
What bones are in the axial skeleton
skull
hyoid bone
vertebral column
thoracic cage
sternum + ribs
What are the bones in the appendicular skeleton
limbs and bones that attach them to the axial skeleton (girdles)
- pectoral, pelvic, upperlimb and lowerlimb (thigh, leg and foot)
How many bones are in the axial and appendicular skeleton
- axial: 80 bones
- focus on skull, hyoid bone, vetebral column and thoracic cage - Appendicular: 126 bones
- focus on 4 girdles, pectoral, pelvic, upperlimb (arm, forearme and hand) and lower limb (thigh, leg, foot)**
What are Girdles
Girdles involve limbs and bones and they attach them to the axial skeletal
there are 4 girdles (pectoral, pelvic upperlimb, lowerlimb) in the appendicular skeleton
What does the upperlimb of the appendicular skeleton contain?
arm, forearm and hand
What does the lower limb of the appendicular skeleton contain?
thigh, leg and foot
What are the connections between bones
articulations (joints)
What are articulations
Articulations are joints which are connections between bones
List the bone groupings of the skull
Cranium
Facial bones
Auditory ossicles
What are cranium bones?
they contribute to the formation of the brain case and have at least one surface that contacts the cranial cavity and faces the brain
they are a part of the skull
List the cranium bones, including which are paired and which are unpaired
frontal 1
parietal 2
temporal 2
sphenoid 2
ethmoid (forms superior and middle nasal conchae) 2
occipital 1
What is the Sphenoid bone? and what is its location regarding other bone structures
articulates with all other cranial bones, holding them together
anterior to the temporal and occipital bones
posterior to the maxilae, zygomatic, palatine and ethmoid bones
inferior to frontal and parietal bones
What does the ethmoid bone form and where does it form?
it forms the superior and middle nasal conchae
Anterior to the sphenoid and posterior to nasal bones
List the facial bones bones, including which are paired and which are unpaired
Nasal 2
Maxillae 2
zygomatic 2
Lacrimal 2
Palatine (2 palatine and 2 maxillae = hard plate of our mouths) 2
inferior nasal conchae 2
vomer 1
mandible 1
What makes the hard plate of our mouths?
2 palatine and 2 maxillae forms the hard plate of our mouths
list the auditory ossicles
Malleus, incus, and stapes
Describe the location and function of the hyoid bone
The location of the hyoid bone attaches muscles of the tongue and neck which assists in swallowing
What does the hyoid bone not have
No articulations (joints/connections to other bones)
List the regions of the vertebral column
5 regions: (7) cervical, (12) thoracic, (5) lumbar, (1) sacrum, (1) coccyx = 26 vertebrae
Analogy:
Breakfast = 7 cervical,
Lunch = 12 thoracic,
Dinner = 5 lumbar,
1 post-snack time = 1 sacrum
1 midnight snack = 1 coccyx
How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column
26 vertebrae
Describe a typical vertebra, including foramina and articular process and facets
A typical vertebral structure
- Body has a thick anterior portion
contains:
1 spinous process - median posterior projection
2 transverse processes - lateral bony projections for muscle attachment
2 laminae - connect by 2 proccesses
2 pedicles - connect body to transverse process
vertebral foramen - opening for spinal cord
Superior and inferior articular processes (with facets = articular surfaces)
- articulate with vertebrae above and below
intervertebral foramina - exit for spinal nerves
spinous process
A part of the vertebral structure
1
median posterior projection
Transverse process
a part of the vertebral structure
2
Lateral bony projections for muscle attachment
Laminae
a part of the vertebral structure
2
connect the two processes
Pedicles
a part of the vertebral structure
2
Connect body to the transverse process
invertebral foramina
a part of the vertebral structure
opening for spinal cord
Superior and inferiors articulation processes
a part of the vertebral structure
With facets = articular surfaces
Articulate with vertebrae above and below
Invertebral foramina
a part of the vertebral structure
exit for spinal nerves
How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column
26 vertebrae
Explain the characteristics that allow you to differentiate between cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
Cervical: all have transverse foramina, C1 no body no spinous process and C2 has a dens (odontoid process) - bean shape body
Thoracic: All articulate with ribs via. costal facets (articulation occurs) - heart shape body
Lumbar: support body weight, all large bodies and rectangular spinous processes
How do you know if they are cervical vertebrae
all have transverse foramina
if atypical:
C1 (atlas) has no body or spinous process
C2 (axis) has dens odontoid process
Describe the features of the atlas and axis vertebrae
Cervical (C1-C7)
C1, C2 = atypical
C3-C7 = typical
C1 - atlas
- no boyd, no spinous process
- articulates with occipital condyles of skull (allows nodding “yes” motion)
C2 = axis
- dens (odontoid process)
- pivote joint around which atlas swivels (allows “no motion”)
C1-C7: ALL have transverse foramina
Features of atlas vertebrae
What nodding motion does this produce
C1 = Atlas
- No body, no spinous process
- articulates with occipital condyles of skull = allow nodding yes motion
Features of axis vertebrae
What nodding motion does this produce
C2 = axis
- dens = odontoid process
- pivot joint around which atlas swivels
- allows shaking (“no”) motion
Describe the saccrum and coccyx vertebrae
sacrum has 5 fused vertebrae
Articuluates with ilium (appendiuclar skeleton) and 5th lumbar vertebra L5
Coccyx has 2-5 fused vertebrae, usually 4
- tailbone
Describe the saccrum
5 fused vertebrae
articulates with ilum (appendicular skeleton)
and 5th lumbar vertebrae
Describe the coccyx
3-5 fused vertebrae, usually 4
tailbone
describe the normal curvature of the vertebral column
a) Cervical and lumbar - curved anteriorly and concave posteriorly
b) Thoracic and sacral
- curved concave anteriorly = convex posteriorly
describe the abnormal curvature of the vertebral column
Scoliosis, Kyphosis and lordosis
Scoliosis: Spinal column curves laterally
Kyphosis: exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback)
Lordosis: exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback)
Scoliosis
Spinal column curves laterally an abnormal curvature
Kyphosis
exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback) an abnormal curvature
Lordosis
exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback) an abnormal curvature
List the parts of the thoracic cage
Sternum and ribs
Sternum
Breast bone thats a part of the thoracic cage
3 parts
1) manubrium of sternum (superior)
2) body of sternum (middle)
3) xiphoid process of sternum (inferior)
How many pairs of ribs are there
thre are 12 pairs of ribs (artiuclate posteriorly with T1-T12)
7 pairs = true ribs
attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage (hyalline cartiladge)
5 pairs = false ribs
Attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage (8-10)
- or not at all = floating ribs (11,12 - embedded in muscle)
true ribs
7 pairs
attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage (hyalline cartiladge)
false ribs
5 pairs
Attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage (8-10)
- or not at all = floating ribs (11,12 - embedded in muscle)
Define the Pectoral girdle (upper limb girdle)
The upper limb girdle is the pectoral girdle contains the clavicle and the scalpula
a) clavicle: articulates with the sternum (at themanubrium) and scalpula (at the acromion process)
b) scalpula
- Has a spine on posterior (back)
- acromion process of the scalpula articulates with the clavicle (acromial end)
- Connects the axial and appendicular skeletons
Define the Pelvic girdle (lower limb girdle)
Composed of 2 os coxae (hip bones) each with 3 bones
3 bones: ilium, ischium and pubis
ilium
articulates with sacrum
ischium
most inferior part is the ischial tuberosity
pubis
left and right joined by the pubic symphysis
joints of pelvic girdle
Pubic symphysis, Sacroiliac and Acetabulum
pubic symphysis - joining the pubic bones
Sacroiliac - sacrum and ilium
Acetabulum - articulates with head of femur
- all 3 bones of oscoxa join here
Where do all 3 bones of os oscoxa join?
at the joint of the pelvic girdle, acetabulum
pubic symphysis
Joints of pelvic bone
joining the pubic bones
Sacroiliac
Joints of pelvic bone
sacrum and ilium
Acetabulum
Joints of pelvic bone
- articulates with head of femur
- all 3 bones of oscoxa join here
What are the Upper limb bones
In anatomical position
Humerus
Radius (lateral) - thumb side and ulna (medial)
Carpals
Metacarpals (palm)
Phalanges (14) - digits (fingers)
What is the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metal parpals and phalanges a part of?
represents the upper limb girdles
What are the lower limb bones?
in anatomical position
Femur
patella (knee cap) - not a long bone
tibia (medial)/ fibia (latera)
tarsals (7) - not a long bone
- talus - articulates with the tibia
- calcaneus - heel bones
Metarsals (5) - sole
Phalanges (14) - digits (toes)
ALL are long bones except patella and tarsals
Femur, patella, tibia, fibia and tarsals represents
represents the lower limb girdles
describe the articulations of the clavicle
The clavicle articulates with sternum and scalpula
- has an acormial and a sternal end
1) The acromial end articulates with the scalpula
2) The sternal end artiuclates with the manubrium of the sternum
The scapula therefore, connects the axial and appendicular skeletons
Describe the features of the scalpula and its articulations
The scalpula has a spine - posterior
acromion process - articulates with clavicle - acromial end of clavicle
glenoid fossa/cavity - articulates with head of humerus
coracoid process - attaches muscles for arm and chest
Describe the bone of the os coxa and their articulations
there are 3 bones of os coxae (hip bones)
has 3 bones
1) ilium - articulates with sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
2) ischium (most inferior part = the ischial tuberosity)
3) pubis left and right joined by pubic symphysis
Joints of the os coxa
4) pubic symphysis (joins the pelvic bones)
5) sacroiliac - sacrum and ilium
6) acetabulum (articulated with head of femur) - all 3 bones of os coxa join here
Describe the bones of the upper and lower limb in the anatomical position
(number of bones, which is lateral and medial as appropriate)
Upper limb
1) Humerus
2) radius (latera - thumbl) / ulna (medial)
3) carpals (8) = wrist
4) metacarpals (5) = palm
5) phalanges (14) = digits (fingers)
Lower limb
1) femur
2) patella (knee cap)
3) tibia (medial) fibula (lateral)
4) tarsals (7)
- contains the talus (articulates with tibia)
- calcaneus (heel bone)
5) metatarsals (5) = sole
6) phalanges (14) = digits (toes)
ALL are long bones except carpals, patella and tarsals
Describe the components of a long bone
**1) Diaphysis **- shaft (body)
2) epiphyses - proximal and distal extremities
3) epiphyseal plate
- hyaline cartilage
- used for bone growth (length)
**4) Epiphyseal line **
- replaces palt with bone when growth completed
- plate/line - where diaphysis and epiphyses meet
5) medullary cavity (red marrow in child, yellow marrow in adult)
**6) Periosteum **
- external surface which contains 2 layers of CT
- 1) outer = dense irregular, which is the attach for tendon/muscle/ligament
- 2) inner =mainly osteoblasts and osteclasts
- allows bone to grow in diameter
**7) endosteum **
- lines medullary cavity and canals (constains osetoblasts and osteoclasts)
Articular cartiladge
- hyaline (only at articulation points)
- prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)
What is Diaphysis?
a component of long bone
It is the shaft and body of a long bone
What is epiphyses, epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line?
Epiphyses is the proximal and distal extremities
Epiphyseal plate contains hyaline cartilage
used for bone growth (length)
Epiphyseal line replaces plate with bone when the growth is compelted
- plate/line - where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
What is the medullary cavity?
a component of long bone
contains bone marrow
red marrow - child
yellow marrow - adult
What is the periosteum?
a component of long bone
Has an external surface
2 layers of connective tissue
1) outer = dense irregular (attachment for tendon/muscle/ligament
2) inner = mainly osteoblasts and osteroclasts
- allows bone to grow in diameter
What is the endosteum?
Component of long bone
Lines medullary cavity and canals (contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
What is articular cartilage?
component of long bone
- hyaline (only at articulation points)
- prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)
List the cells of bone tissue
Cells are osteoblasts (build), osteocytes (mature), and osteoclasts (breakdown - specialized)
Describe the components of bone matrix
Recall a matrix of CT contains a ground substance and fibres
Ground substance: hydroxyapatite - insoluble CA^++ phosphate salts (strength)
Fibres: collagen (flexibility)
Water
Identify the microscopic structures of compact and spongy bone
Compact bone - covers external surface of all bones and the compact bone contains osteons (composed of lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, central osteonic canal, and perforating interosteonic canals
Spongey bone
contains no osteons, have trabeculae (made of irregularly arranged lamellae)
and the canaliculi connect osteocytes in the lacunae found in:
- flat and irregular bones (e.g skulls, ribs, vertberae, long bones) - epiphyses and lineing medullary cavity
- spaces contain bone marrow (red marrow produces blood cells)
What is the compact bone composed of?
osteons
What do osteons contain?
Osteons make up the compact bone
Osteons contain: lamallae, lacunae, canaliculi, central osteonic canal and perforating interosteonic canals
Lamellae
bone matrix arranged in cocentric circles
lacunae
with osteocytes
space within matrix where osteocytes live
between lamellae
canaliculi
small channels that connect osteocytes with blood supply and to other osteocytes
central osteonic canal
Contains blood vessels and nerves
it is lined with endosteum
perforating interosteonic canals
contains blood vessels and nerves
it is lined with endosteum
where is spongey bone found in?
flat and irregular bones and long bones (epiphyses and the lining medullary cavity)
Identify the microscopic structures of hyaline cartilage
strucutre contains (cell type) chondrocytes in the lacunae
Matrix:
shiny ground substance = chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid
Fibres = collagen
Water
Classify articulations and joints by their structure
Articulations is the point of contact between 2 or more bones
Structural is the first class (functional is the second)
Structural classification is based on prescence of absence of joint cavity and type of connecting tissue
3 types of structural joints
1) fibrous
2) Cartilaginous
3) Synovial joints
Fibrous structural joint
A type of structural joint
- has no joint cavity
- fibrous CT connects bones
- e.g sutures in skull (fontanels in newborn)
Cartilaginous structural joint
no joint cavity
cartilage attaches bones
e.g pubic symphysis, costal ridges of ribs
Describe the structure of synovial joints
articular cartilage
joint cavity (contains synovial fluid)
articular joint/capsule
- outer layer = fibrous capsule
- attaches to periosteum
- may have ligaments within (capsule
- inner layer - synovial membrane
Classify synovial joints by the shape of the articulating bones
Plane/gliding
Hinge
pivot
ball and socket
Plane/gliding
a type of synovial joint, grouped according to shape of articulating bones
- flat surfaces
- e.g sacroiliac
Hinge
a type of synovial joint, grouped according to shape of articulating bones
* concave/convex surfaces
* e.g elbow, knee
Pivot
a type of synovial joint, grouped according to shape of articulating bones
- projections in a ring
- e.g dens (on axis in atlas)
Ball and socket
a type of synovial joint, grouped according to shape of articulating bones
* great freedom of movement
* e.g 1) humerus in glenoid fossa
* 2.g 2) femur in acetabulum (hip)
Classify joints by their degree of movement
Synarthrotic
Ampiarthrotic
Diarthrotic
Synarthrotic
a type of functional joint (based on degree of movement)
immovable
e.g skull sutures
Ampiarthrotic
A type of functional joint (based on degree of movement)
slightly moveable
e.g pubic symphysis
Diarthrotic
A type of functional joint (based on degree of mvoement)
freely moveable synovial joints (not all synovial joints can move a lot)
e.g hip, shoulder
