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Anatomy Midterm 2 (20%) NOV 14 (6 - 7 pm) > Topic 10 Skeletal System > Flashcards

Topic 10 Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

describe the human body in anatomical position

A

feet, face, palms forward

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2
Q

list the Directional terms (refer to other flashcard set that defines the terms)

A

anterior vs. posterior
proximal vs. distal
contralateral vs ipsilateral
medial vs lateral (intermediate)
superficial vs. deep
superior vs. inferior

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3
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the skeleton

A

Axial and appendicular

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4
Q

What bones are in the axial skeleton

A

skull
hyoid bone
vertebral column
thoracic cage
sternum + ribs

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5
Q

What are the bones in the appendicular skeleton

A

limbs and bones that attach them to the axial skeleton (girdles)
- pectoral, pelvic, upperlimb and lowerlimb (thigh, leg and foot)

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6
Q

How many bones are in the axial and appendicular skeleton

A
  1. axial: 80 bones
    - focus on skull, hyoid bone, vetebral column and thoracic cage
  2. Appendicular: 126 bones
    - focus on 4 girdles, pectoral, pelvic, upperlimb (arm, forearme and hand) and lower limb (thigh, leg, foot)**
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7
Q

What are Girdles

A

Girdles involve limbs and bones and they attach them to the axial skeletal
there are 4 girdles (pectoral, pelvic upperlimb, lowerlimb) in the appendicular skeleton

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8
Q

What does the upperlimb of the appendicular skeleton contain?

A

arm, forearm and hand

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9
Q

What does the lower limb of the appendicular skeleton contain?

A

thigh, leg and foot

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10
Q

What are the connections between bones

A

articulations (joints)

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11
Q

What are articulations

A

Articulations are joints which are connections between bones

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12
Q

List the bone groupings of the skull

A

Cranium
Facial bones
Auditory ossicles

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13
Q

What are cranium bones?

A

they contribute to the formation of the brain case and have at least one surface that contacts the cranial cavity and faces the brain

they are a part of the skull

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14
Q

List the cranium bones, including which are paired and which are unpaired

A

frontal 1
parietal 2
temporal 2
sphenoid 2
ethmoid (forms superior and middle nasal conchae) 2
occipital 1

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15
Q

What is the Sphenoid bone? and what is its location regarding other bone structures

A

articulates with all other cranial bones, holding them together

anterior to the temporal and occipital bones

posterior to the maxilae, zygomatic, palatine and ethmoid bones

inferior to frontal and parietal bones

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16
Q

What does the ethmoid bone form and where does it form?

A

it forms the superior and middle nasal conchae

Anterior to the sphenoid and posterior to nasal bones

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17
Q

List the facial bones bones, including which are paired and which are unpaired

A

Nasal 2
Maxillae 2
zygomatic 2
Lacrimal 2
Palatine (2 palatine and 2 maxillae = hard plate of our mouths) 2
inferior nasal conchae 2
vomer 1
mandible 1

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18
Q

What makes the hard plate of our mouths?

A

2 palatine and 2 maxillae forms the hard plate of our mouths

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19
Q

list the auditory ossicles

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes

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20
Q

Describe the location and function of the hyoid bone

A

The location of the hyoid bone attaches muscles of the tongue and neck which assists in swallowing

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21
Q

What does the hyoid bone not have

A

No articulations (joints/connections to other bones)

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22
Q

List the regions of the vertebral column

A

5 regions: (7) cervical, (12) thoracic, (5) lumbar, (1) sacrum, (1) coccyx = 26 vertebrae

Analogy:
Breakfast = 7 cervical,
Lunch = 12 thoracic,
Dinner = 5 lumbar,
1 post-snack time = 1 sacrum
1 midnight snack = 1 coccyx

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23
Q

How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column

A

26 vertebrae

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24
Q

Describe a typical vertebra, including foramina and articular process and facets

A

A typical vertebral structure
- Body has a thick anterior portion

contains:
1 spinous process - median posterior projection
2 transverse processes - lateral bony projections for muscle attachment

2 laminae - connect by 2 proccesses
2 pedicles - connect body to transverse process

vertebral foramen - opening for spinal cord

Superior and inferior articular processes (with facets = articular surfaces)
- articulate with vertebrae above and below

intervertebral foramina - exit for spinal nerves

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25
Q

spinous process

A

A part of the vertebral structure
1
median posterior projection

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26
Q

Transverse process

A

a part of the vertebral structure
2
Lateral bony projections for muscle attachment

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27
Q

Laminae

A

a part of the vertebral structure
2
connect the two processes

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28
Q

Pedicles

A

a part of the vertebral structure
2
Connect body to the transverse process

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29
Q

invertebral foramina

A

a part of the vertebral structure
opening for spinal cord

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30
Q

Superior and inferiors articulation processes

A

a part of the vertebral structure
With facets = articular surfaces
Articulate with vertebrae above and below

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31
Q

Invertebral foramina

A

a part of the vertebral structure
exit for spinal nerves

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32
Q

How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column

A

26 vertebrae

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33
Q

Explain the characteristics that allow you to differentiate between cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

A

Cervical: all have transverse foramina, C1 no body no spinous process and C2 has a dens (odontoid process) - bean shape body
Thoracic: All articulate with ribs via. costal facets (articulation occurs) - heart shape body
Lumbar: support body weight, all large bodies and rectangular spinous processes

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34
Q

How do you know if they are cervical vertebrae

A

all have transverse foramina
if atypical:
C1 (atlas) has no body or spinous process
C2 (axis) has dens odontoid process

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35
Q

Describe the features of the atlas and axis vertebrae

A

Cervical (C1-C7)
C1, C2 = atypical
C3-C7 = typical

C1 - atlas
- no boyd, no spinous process
- articulates with occipital condyles of skull (allows nodding “yes” motion)

C2 = axis
- dens (odontoid process)
- pivote joint around which atlas swivels (allows “no motion”)

C1-C7: ALL have transverse foramina

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36
Q

Features of atlas vertebrae
What nodding motion does this produce

A

C1 = Atlas
- No body, no spinous process
- articulates with occipital condyles of skull = allow nodding yes motion

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37
Q

Features of axis vertebrae
What nodding motion does this produce

A

C2 = axis
- dens = odontoid process
- pivot joint around which atlas swivels
- allows shaking (“no”) motion

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38
Q

Describe the saccrum and coccyx vertebrae

A

sacrum has 5 fused vertebrae
Articuluates with ilium (appendiuclar skeleton) and 5th lumbar vertebra L5

Coccyx has 2-5 fused vertebrae, usually 4
- tailbone

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39
Q

Describe the saccrum

A

5 fused vertebrae
articulates with ilum (appendicular skeleton)
and 5th lumbar vertebrae

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40
Q

Describe the coccyx

A

3-5 fused vertebrae, usually 4
tailbone

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41
Q

describe the normal curvature of the vertebral column

A

a) Cervical and lumbar - curved anteriorly and concave posteriorly
b) Thoracic and sacral
- curved concave anteriorly = convex posteriorly

42
Q

describe the abnormal curvature of the vertebral column

A

Scoliosis, Kyphosis and lordosis

Scoliosis: Spinal column curves laterally
Kyphosis: exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback)
Lordosis: exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback)

43
Q

Scoliosis

A

Spinal column curves laterally an abnormal curvature

44
Q

Kyphosis

A

exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback) an abnormal curvature

45
Q

Lordosis

A

exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback) an abnormal curvature

46
Q

List the parts of the thoracic cage

A

Sternum and ribs

47
Q

Sternum

A

Breast bone thats a part of the thoracic cage
3 parts
1) manubrium of sternum (superior)
2) body of sternum (middle)
3) xiphoid process of sternum (inferior)

48
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there

A

thre are 12 pairs of ribs (artiuclate posteriorly with T1-T12)
7 pairs = true ribs
attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage (hyalline cartiladge)

5 pairs = false ribs
Attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage (8-10)
- or not at all = floating ribs (11,12 - embedded in muscle)

49
Q

true ribs

A

7 pairs
attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage (hyalline cartiladge)

50
Q

false ribs

A

5 pairs
Attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage (8-10)
- or not at all = floating ribs (11,12 - embedded in muscle)

51
Q

Define the Pectoral girdle (upper limb girdle)

A

The upper limb girdle is the pectoral girdle contains the clavicle and the scalpula
a) clavicle: articulates with the sternum (at themanubrium) and scalpula (at the acromion process)
b) scalpula
- Has a spine on posterior (back)
- acromion process of the scalpula articulates with the clavicle (acromial end)
- Connects the axial and appendicular skeletons

52
Q

Define the Pelvic girdle (lower limb girdle)

A

Composed of 2 os coxae (hip bones) each with 3 bones

3 bones: ilium, ischium and pubis

53
Q

ilium

A

articulates with sacrum

54
Q

ischium

A

most inferior part is the ischial tuberosity

55
Q

pubis

A

left and right joined by the pubic symphysis

56
Q

joints of pelvic girdle

A

Pubic symphysis, Sacroiliac and Acetabulum

pubic symphysis - joining the pubic bones
Sacroiliac - sacrum and ilium
Acetabulum - articulates with head of femur
- all 3 bones of oscoxa join here

57
Q

Where do all 3 bones of os oscoxa join?

A

at the joint of the pelvic girdle, acetabulum

58
Q

pubic symphysis

A

Joints of pelvic bone
joining the pubic bones

59
Q

Sacroiliac

A

Joints of pelvic bone
sacrum and ilium

60
Q

Acetabulum

A

Joints of pelvic bone
- articulates with head of femur
- all 3 bones of oscoxa join here

61
Q

What are the Upper limb bones

A

In anatomical position
Humerus
Radius (lateral) - thumb side and ulna (medial)
Carpals
Metacarpals (palm)
Phalanges (14) - digits (fingers)

62
Q

What is the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metal parpals and phalanges a part of?

A

represents the upper limb girdles

63
Q

What are the lower limb bones?

A

in anatomical position
Femur
patella (knee cap) - not a long bone
tibia (medial)/ fibia (latera)
tarsals (7) - not a long bone
- talus - articulates with the tibia
- calcaneus - heel bones

Metarsals (5) - sole
Phalanges (14) - digits (toes)

ALL are long bones except patella and tarsals

64
Q

Femur, patella, tibia, fibia and tarsals represents

A

represents the lower limb girdles

65
Q

describe the articulations of the clavicle

A

The clavicle articulates with sternum and scalpula
- has an acormial and a sternal end
1) The acromial end articulates with the scalpula
2) The sternal end artiuclates with the manubrium of the sternum

The scapula therefore, connects the axial and appendicular skeletons

66
Q

Describe the features of the scalpula and its articulations

A

The scalpula has a spine - posterior

acromion process - articulates with clavicle - acromial end of clavicle

glenoid fossa/cavity - articulates with head of humerus

coracoid process - attaches muscles for arm and chest

67
Q

Describe the bone of the os coxa and their articulations

A

there are 3 bones of os coxae (hip bones)

has 3 bones
1) ilium - articulates with sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
2) ischium (most inferior part = the ischial tuberosity)
3) pubis left and right joined by pubic symphysis

Joints of the os coxa
4) pubic symphysis (joins the pelvic bones)
5) sacroiliac - sacrum and ilium
6) acetabulum (articulated with head of femur) - all 3 bones of os coxa join here

68
Q

Describe the bones of the upper and lower limb in the anatomical position
(number of bones, which is lateral and medial as appropriate)

A

Upper limb
1) Humerus
2) radius (latera - thumbl) / ulna (medial)
3) carpals (8) = wrist
4) metacarpals (5) = palm
5) phalanges (14) = digits (fingers)

Lower limb
1) femur
2) patella (knee cap)
3) tibia (medial) fibula (lateral)
4) tarsals (7)
- contains the talus (articulates with tibia)
- calcaneus (heel bone)
5) metatarsals (5) = sole
6) phalanges (14) = digits (toes)

ALL are long bones except carpals, patella and tarsals

69
Q

Describe the components of a long bone

A

**1) Diaphysis **- shaft (body)
2) epiphyses - proximal and distal extremities
3) epiphyseal plate
- hyaline cartilage
- used for bone growth (length)

**4) Epiphyseal line **
- replaces palt with bone when growth completed
- plate/line - where diaphysis and epiphyses meet

5) medullary cavity (red marrow in child, yellow marrow in adult)

**6) Periosteum **
- external surface which contains 2 layers of CT
- 1) outer = dense irregular, which is the attach for tendon/muscle/ligament
- 2) inner =mainly osteoblasts and osteclasts
- allows bone to grow in diameter

**7) endosteum **
- lines medullary cavity and canals (constains osetoblasts and osteoclasts)
Articular cartiladge
- hyaline (only at articulation points)
- prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)

70
Q

What is Diaphysis?

A

a component of long bone
It is the shaft and body of a long bone

71
Q

What is epiphyses, epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line?

A

Epiphyses is the proximal and distal extremities

Epiphyseal plate contains hyaline cartilage
used for bone growth (length)

Epiphyseal line replaces plate with bone when the growth is compelted
- plate/line - where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

72
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

a component of long bone
contains bone marrow
red marrow - child
yellow marrow - adult

73
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

a component of long bone
Has an external surface
2 layers of connective tissue
1) outer = dense irregular (attachment for tendon/muscle/ligament
2) inner = mainly osteoblasts and osteroclasts
- allows bone to grow in diameter

74
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Component of long bone
Lines medullary cavity and canals (contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

75
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

component of long bone
- hyaline (only at articulation points)
- prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)

76
Q

List the cells of bone tissue

A

Cells are osteoblasts (build), osteocytes (mature), and osteoclasts (breakdown - specialized)

77
Q

Describe the components of bone matrix

A

Recall a matrix of CT contains a ground substance and fibres

Ground substance: hydroxyapatite - insoluble CA^++ phosphate salts (strength)
Fibres: collagen (flexibility)
Water

78
Q

Identify the microscopic structures of compact and spongy bone

A

Compact bone - covers external surface of all bones and the compact bone contains osteons (composed of lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, central osteonic canal, and perforating interosteonic canals

Spongey bone
contains no osteons, have trabeculae (made of irregularly arranged lamellae)
and the canaliculi connect osteocytes in the lacunae found in:
- flat and irregular bones (e.g skulls, ribs, vertberae, long bones) - epiphyses and lineing medullary cavity
- spaces contain bone marrow (red marrow produces blood cells)

79
Q

What is the compact bone composed of?

A

osteons

80
Q

What do osteons contain?

A

Osteons make up the compact bone

Osteons contain: lamallae, lacunae, canaliculi, central osteonic canal and perforating interosteonic canals

81
Q

Lamellae

A

bone matrix arranged in cocentric circles

82
Q

lacunae

A

with osteocytes
space within matrix where osteocytes live
between lamellae

83
Q

canaliculi

A

small channels that connect osteocytes with blood supply and to other osteocytes

84
Q

central osteonic canal

A

Contains blood vessels and nerves
it is lined with endosteum

85
Q

perforating interosteonic canals

A

contains blood vessels and nerves
it is lined with endosteum

86
Q

where is spongey bone found in?

A

flat and irregular bones and long bones (epiphyses and the lining medullary cavity)

87
Q

Identify the microscopic structures of hyaline cartilage

A

strucutre contains (cell type) chondrocytes in the lacunae

Matrix:
shiny ground substance = chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid
Fibres = collagen
Water

88
Q

Classify articulations and joints by their structure

A

Articulations is the point of contact between 2 or more bones
Structural is the first class (functional is the second)

Structural classification is based on prescence of absence of joint cavity and type of connecting tissue
3 types of structural joints
1) fibrous
2) Cartilaginous
3) Synovial joints

89
Q

Fibrous structural joint

A

A type of structural joint
- has no joint cavity
- fibrous CT connects bones
- e.g sutures in skull (fontanels in newborn)

90
Q

Cartilaginous structural joint

A

no joint cavity
cartilage attaches bones
e.g pubic symphysis, costal ridges of ribs

91
Q

Describe the structure of synovial joints

A

articular cartilage
joint cavity (contains synovial fluid)
articular joint/capsule
- outer layer = fibrous capsule
- attaches to periosteum
- may have ligaments within (capsule
- inner layer - synovial membrane

92
Q

Classify synovial joints by the shape of the articulating bones

A

Plane/gliding
Hinge
pivot
ball and socket

93
Q

Plane/gliding

A

a type of synovial joint, grouped according to shape of articulating bones
- flat surfaces
- e.g sacroiliac

94
Q

Hinge

A

a type of synovial joint, grouped according to shape of articulating bones
* concave/convex surfaces
* e.g elbow, knee

95
Q

Pivot

A

a type of synovial joint, grouped according to shape of articulating bones
- projections in a ring
- e.g dens (on axis in atlas)

96
Q

Ball and socket

A

a type of synovial joint, grouped according to shape of articulating bones
* great freedom of movement
* e.g 1) humerus in glenoid fossa
* 2.g 2) femur in acetabulum (hip)

97
Q

Classify joints by their degree of movement

A

Synarthrotic
Ampiarthrotic
Diarthrotic

98
Q

Synarthrotic

A

a type of functional joint (based on degree of movement)
immovable
e.g skull sutures

99
Q

Ampiarthrotic

A

A type of functional joint (based on degree of movement)
slightly moveable
e.g pubic symphysis

100
Q

Diarthrotic

A

A type of functional joint (based on degree of mvoement)
freely moveable synovial joints (not all synovial joints can move a lot)
e.g hip, shoulder

Anatomy Midterm 2 (20%) NOV 14 (6 - 7 pm) (7 decks)

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