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Anatomy Midterm 2 (20%) NOV 14 (6 - 7 pm) > Topic 12 Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Topic 12 Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system is composed of? And what does it do?

A

Composed of the hear, blood vessels and blood

it transports and protects
Transports gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes and heat
proection from diseases, and fluid loss (clotting)

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2
Q

Describe the position of the heart in the thoracic cavity

A

The heart is in the area called the mediastinum which is the region between the lungs in the thoracic cavity

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3
Q

Mediastinum

A

region between lungs in the thoracic cavity/cage
this is where the heart is located

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4
Q

What is the coverings of the heart

A

coverings = pericardium
- double walled sac surrounding the heart and it has 3 layers
- a) fibrous pericardium
- b) serous pericardium
- 2 parts: parietal and visceral pericardium
- between seroud pericardial layers = pericardial cavity with serous fluid (lubricates)

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5
Q

identify and describe the location and structutre of the fibrous pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium = wall of cavity
- outer most layer = dense irregular CT
- anchors to surrounding structures, e.g diaphragm, great vessels (aorta, vena cava etc)

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6
Q

identify and describe the location and structure of Parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium

A

Parietal pericardium is fused to fibrous pericardium found in the serous pericardium (a layer of the heart)
- therefore fibrous + parietal pericardium = pericardial sac

**Visceral pericardium (or epicardium) **is fused to the heart surface = part of heart wall
- in the serous pericardium (a layer of the heart)

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7
Q

Identify and describe the location of the pericardial sac

A

fibrous + parietal pericardium = pericardial sac found in the serous pericardium

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8
Q

Idenfity and describe the location of the serous fluid and percardial cavity

A

Serous fluid helps with lubrication (so the walls dont stick) in the pericardial cavity between serous pericardial layers

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9
Q

Describe each layer of the heart wall

A

The heart wal has 3 parts
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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10
Q

Epicardium

A

AKA visceral pericardium (fused to heart surface - part of heart wall)
- stratified squamous epithelium + CT (areolar)

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11
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle
- arranged in spiral or circular patter, reinforced with CT (areolar)

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12
Q

Endocardium

A

Simple squamous epithelium + CT (areolar)
- epithelium named** endothelium **
- lines inner surface of heart and ALL blood vessles

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13
Q

Endothelium

A

The epithelium of the heart wall, Endocardium which is accompanied by Areolar CT

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14
Q

On the external surface of the heart, identify the 4 chambers, the anterior interventricular sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus

A

4 Chambers and assosciated blood vessels
1) right atrium
- inferior and superior vena cava
- coronary sinus (posterior)

2) left atrium
- 4 pulmonary veins

3) right ventricle
- pulmonary trunk - which then divides to form 2 pulmonary arteries

4) left ventricle
- aorta

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15
Q

Right atrium

A

inferior and superior vena cava
from upper and lower parts of body (abdominal)
coronary sinus (posterior) enlarged vein

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16
Q

coronary sinus

A

is an enlarged vein
apart of the right atrium and is posterior

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17
Q

left atrium contains

A

4 pulmonary veins

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18
Q

Right ventricle contains

A

pulmonary trunk which divides to form 2 pulmonary arteries (to rest of body)

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19
Q

Left ventricle contains

A

goes to lungs
contains the aorta

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20
Q

Arteries carry..?

A

carry blood away from the heart

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21
Q

veins carry..?

A

carry blood toward heart

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22
Q

What is the septa

A

it seperates chambers
2 types
Interatrial Septum and Interventricular septum (Interventricular sulcus)

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23
Q

Interatrial septum

A

seperates atria

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24
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Seperates ventricles
it is deep to interventricular sulcus (external), a shallow groove

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25
Q

interventricular sulcus

A

the interventricular septum is deep to the interventricular sulcus (external)
The interventricular sulcus is a shallow groove on the anterior surface of the heart
- marks the external boundary between the right and left ventricles on the anterior aspect of the heart

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26
Q

Sulcus

A

shallow groove

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27
Q

Identify and describe the structure and function of the primary internal strucutres of the heart including chambers, septa, valves, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, fibrous skeleton, and venous and arterial openings

A

function of the chambers:
4 chambers (internal strucutres of the heart)
- 2 atriums bring blood to heart from blood vessels or veins
- 2 ventricles pump the blood from heart into arteries

Function of septa:
seperate chambers of the heart
1) interatrial septum: seperate atriums
2) interventricular septum: seperate ventricles
- the interventricular septum is deep to the interventricular suclus (shallow groove) on the anterior surface of the heart - marks external boundary between right and left ventricle

Function of valves:
includes atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves
1) atrioventricular (AV valves) invlude
- 1) biscuspid (mitral)
- left side, 2 cusps
- 2) tricuspid
- right side, 3 cusps (“its always right to tri!”)
- Chordae tendineae (CT) - attach AV valve cusps to papillary muscles (projections of the myocardium), prevent eversion of cusps (so cusps dont go into the wrong direction

2) semilunar valves (3 cusps each)
- 1) aortic - seperates left ventricle and aorta
- 2) pulmonary - seperates right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Fibrous skeleton
contains CT fibres around muscle fibres + CT rings between atria and ventricles at the coronary sulcus (shallow groove)
- allow openings to remain open at all times (valves open and close)
- prvides electical insulation - prevents simultaneous contraction of atria and ventricles (makes sure theyre coordinated)

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28
Q

Fibrous skeleton contains

A

Connective tissue fibres that surround muscle fibres and Connective tissue rings between artia and ventricles at the coronary sulcus (shallow groove)
- allows opening to remain open at all times (valves open and close)
- provide electival insulation - prevents simultaneous contraction of the atria and ventricles

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29
Q

Differentiate the valves of the heart

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves

1) Atrioventricular valves
- 1) bicuspid (mitral): left side, 2 cusps
- 2) tricuspid: right side, 3 cusps
- Chordae tendineae (CT) - attach AV valve cusps to papillary muscles (projections of myocardium - part of heart wall; cardiac muscle), prevent eversion of cusps (so valve doesnt go in the wrong direction)

2) Semilunar valves
- 3 cusps each
- 1) aortic - seperates left ventricle and aorta
- 2) pulmonary - seperates right ventricle and pulmonary
DONT HAVE chordiae Tendineae

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30
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

CT which attach Atrioventricular valves (av) to papillary muscles (projections into the myocardium, cardiac muscle)
- prevent eversion of cusps

NOT IN SEMILUNAR VALVES

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31
Q

Papillary muscles

A

are projections of myocardium (cardiac muscle)
- the chordae tendineae attaches Av valve cusps to papillary muscles which prevents eversion of cusps

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32
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Has two types
Bicuspid and tricuspid
1) bicuspid: 2 valves, left side
2) tricuspid 3 valves, right side

Has Chordae Tendineae (CT) - attaches AV valve cusps to papillary muscles (projections of myocardium; cardiac muscle)
- prevents the eversion of cusps

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33
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Have 3 cusps each
two types
aortic and pulmonary
1) Aortic seperates left ventricle and aorta
2) Pulmonary seperates right ventricle and pulmonary trunks

34
Q

Describe the properties of cardiac muscle fibres and compare their structure to that of skeletal muscle fibres

A

Forms BOTH contractile myocardium and conduction system

**Cardiac muscle cells **
modified/specialized conduction system
- generates electrical signals
- conduction of those signals
“normal” = myocardium
- contraction

Similarities to skeletal muscle
1) striated (myofibrils and sarcomeres)
2) has sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules
Differences:
1. Branched
2. uninucleated
3. intercalated discs = region where two fibres meet
- contain anchoring and gap junctions

35
Q

What do cardiac muscle cells contain

A

cardiac muscle cells are a modified/specialized = conduction system
- generates electrical signals
- conduction of those signals

“Normal” = myocardium (what pumps blood)
- contraction

They are branched, uninucleated and have intercalated discs with anchoring and gap junctions
- also have striated (myofibrils and sarcomeres) (same as skeletal muscle fibres)
- sarcoplasmic reticiular and T tubule (same as skeletal muscle fibres)

36
Q

Similarites of skeletal muscle to Cardiac muscle cells

A
  • striated (myofibrils and sarcomeres)
  • has sarcoplasmis reticulum and T tubules
37
Q

Differences of skeletal muscle to cardiac muscle cells

A
  1. Branched
  2. uninucleated
  3. intercalated discs = region where two fibres meet
    - contain anchoring and gap junctions
38
Q

descibe the components of the cardiac conduction system

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS - modified to produc and conduct electrical impulses
- DO NOT CONTRACT

Components
sinoatrial (SA) node
- in right atrium at base of superior vena cava
- generates impulses the fastest

Atrioventricular (AV) node
- based of right atrium

Artioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)
- superior part of interventricular septum
- electricallt connects atria to ventricles

AV bundle branches
- go to each ventricle

Purkinje fibres
- terminal fibres
- in ventricles only

NOTE: electical signal spreads from donuction system to contracile cardiac cells when they contract (signal saying go ahead and contract!)

39
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

in the right atrium at the base of the superior vena cava
- generates impulses the fastest (sets pace)

40
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

Base of right atrium

41
Q

Atrioventricular bundle

A

“bundle of his”
superior part of the interventricular septum (seperates ventricles)
- electrivally connects atria to ventricles

42
Q

AV bundle branches

A

Go to each ventricle

43
Q

Purkinje Fibres

A

Terminal fibres (end of the conduction system

LOCATED IN VENTRICLES ONLY

44
Q

Define closed, double circulation

A

Closed, double circulation
- closed = blood confined to heart and blood vessules
- double = 2 routes (pulmonary (lungs) and systemic (all other organs))

45
Q

Describe the adult pulmonary and systemic circulations

A

Pulmonary circulation (lungs)
- right ventricle to lings via pulmonary arteries (deoxygenated blood)
- pick up ozygen in lungs at capillaries
- lungs to left atrium vis pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)

simplified
Right ventricle
pulm. ateries (deoxy blood)
capillaries in respiratory portion of lungs
Pulmonary veins (oxy blood)
left atrium

Systemic circulation (all other organs)
left ventricle to organs via aorta (oxygenated)
- organs remove oxygen at capillaries
- organs to right atrium via. superior and inferior vena cava (deoxygenated)
OVERALL ROUTE: left ventricle to right atrium = systemic circulation

simplified
left ventricle
aorta (to organs) - oxygenated
organs removed oxygen at capillaries
organs to superior and inferior vena cava
right atrium (deoxygenated)

Subdivisions/subroutes of systemic circulation
- cerebral = brain
- hepatic = liver
- coronary = heart

46
Q

Subdivisions/subroutes of systemic circulation

A

cerebral = brain
hepatic = liver
coronary = heart

47
Q

Identify the major arteries and veins of the systemic circulation

A

Major arteries:
Aorta (left ventricle) (oxy)
Veins:
Capillaries of upper and lower regions of body
Superior and inferior vena cava (deoxy)

48
Q

Describe the blood flow to and from the heart wall (coronary circulation)
Include origin of:
* left and right coronary arteries
* left coronary artery and its major branches
* right coronary artery and its major branches
* cardiac veins
* coronary sinus

A

Coronary circulation is systemic
origin of left and right coronary arteries: Left ventricle -> Aorta

left coronary artery
2 Major branches
Right marinal artery
posterior interventricular artery

Right coronary artery
2 Major branches
Circumflex artery
Anterior interventricular artery

Next is vessels after arteries
Major branches from left and right coronary arteries go into arterioles (not the same arterioles)

Capillaries in myocardicum then
Venules (small veins)
Cardiac veins
Coronary sinus (a blood vessel) Large vein - right atrium
Lastly, Right atrium

49
Q

Identify the major arteries and veins of the pulmonary circulation

A

Major arteries
(right ventricle) Pulmonary arteries
Major veins
Pulmonary veins (left atrium)

50
Q

Describe fetal circulation

A

fetus gets O2, nutrients from and expels wastes from mothers blood at the placenta which is the site of exhchange (the blood supply of the fetus is close but not mixed with the mothers blood)

51
Q

Describe the role of the placenta in fetal circulation

A

The exchange site of O2, nutrients from and expellation of wastes from mothers blood
- blood supplies is close together but don’t mix together because the baby is genetically different from the mom and it can kill the baby

52
Q

Describe the role of umbilical vessels in fetal circulation

A

They go towards the fetals heart
- carries oxygenated blood from placenta to vena cava

53
Q

Describe the role of umbilical arteries in fetal circulation

A

They go away from the fetals heart
- carries mixed blood (oxy and deoxy) from the heart to the placenta

54
Q

What are the differences from adult cirulation

A

Fetus has umbilical veins
lungs and liver are basically non-functional
(3 shunts to bypass the liver and lungs: ductus venosus, foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus)
fetus has umbilical arteries

55
Q

Describe the role of ductus venosus in fetal circulation

A

Since the lungs and liver are basically non-functional there are 3 shunts to bypass (although some blood flows to these organs for nourishment/growth)

connects umbilical vein (oxy. blood) to inferior vena cava (deoxyblood) to bypass liver
- permits most of the oxygenated blood coming from the placenta to bypass the liver
- in vena cava, oxy and deoxy blood mixes
- mixed blood enters fetal heart via. inferior vena cava

56
Q

Where is mixed blood found

A

Vena cava - oxy and deoxy blood mixes
- entering fetal heart (inferior vena cava)

And in the Umbilical arteries where mixed blood is carried to the fetals heart

57
Q

Describe the role of foramen ovale in fetal circulation

A

hole in the interatrial septum (seperates both atriums)
- allows blood top move from right to left atrium (bypasses lungs)

58
Q

Describe the role of ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation

A

Since the lungs and liver are basically non-functional there are 3 shunts to bypass (although some blood flows to these organs for nourishment/growth)

Connects pulm tunk and aorta (bypass lungs)

59
Q

Trace the pathway of blood flow from the palcenta through the fetal heart and body and back to the placenta

A

The placenta is the sight of exchange where the fetus gets O2, nutrients and expels wastes to mothers blood
- however, the blood supplies are close together not mixed if mixed then the baby could die

The **umbilcal vein **has oxygenated blood from the placenta to the vena cava

The ductus venosus **connects the umbilical vein (oxy blood) to the inferior vena cava (deoxy blood) to bypass the liver
- blood mixes in the vena cava
- mixed blood enters the fetals heart via. inferior vena cava

**The foramen ovale **creates a hole in the interatrial septum - allows blood to pass from right atrium to left atrium
- bypasses lungs

The ductus arteriosus then connects the pulmonary trunk and aorta* (bypass lungs)*

Thereon the **umbilical arteries ** go away from the fetuses heart and returns mixed blood to the placenta

60
Q

List the three tunics associated with blood vessel walls and describe the composition of each tunic

A

Three tunica for the general structure of blood vessels (except capillaries)
1) tunica externa (CT)
2) Tunica media
3) Tunica interna (=intima)
- endothelium - simple squamous epithelium
4) lumen - contains blood (not a layer! its a space(

61
Q

Tunica externa

A

General strucutre of blood vessels
connective tissue

62
Q

Tunia media

A

General strucutre of blood vessels
- middle layer
- smooth muscle
- elastic fibres

63
Q

Tunia interna

A

General structure of blood vessels
= intima
endothelium - simple squamous epithelium

64
Q

Lumen

A

General structure of blood vessels
contains blood (not a layer!)

65
Q

Define the terms arteries and veins

A

Arterties carry blood away from heart (does NOT refer to oxy or deoxy)
- 2 types:
- 1) elastic
- elastic CT in all 3 tunics
- largest arteries (near heart)
- e.g aorta

  • 2) Muscular: a lot of smooth muscle
  • most arteries
  • e.g coronary artery

Veins: contain large lumen
- valves prevent backflow of blood
- thin media - less smooth muscle, can collapse

66
Q

Arteries

A

Move blood away from heart (does NOT refer to oxy or deoxy)
2 types elastic and muscular
1) elastic
- Elastic CT
- largest arteries near heart
2) Muscular
- a LOT of smooth CT
- most arteries
- e.g coronary arteries

67
Q

Arterioles

A

little arteries
regulate blood flow and blood pressure

68
Q

What do Capillaries contain?

A

ONLY IN tunica interna = endothelium (one cell layer) and basement membrane
- allows exchnage of gases and nutrients
- gaps allow limited fluid and solutes to leak out forming interstitial fluid (ISf)
- capillaries unite to form venules

69
Q

Capillaries contain gaps that form?

A

gaps allow limited fluid and solutes to leak out forming interstital fluid

70
Q

Capillaries unite to form..

A

venules

71
Q

Venules

A

Interna, thin media, thin externa, bring blood toward heart
- goes into larger vessels (veins)

72
Q

Describe the order of blood vessels (elastic arteries to veins) through which blood flows in the circulation

A

From heart and back to heart:
heart
Arteries
Elastic
Muscular
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
heart

73
Q

Characteristics of blood

A

Blood is a connective tissue
characteristics
- higher viscosity than H2O
- 37 degrees
- PH 7.35-7.45
- 4-6 L in adults

74
Q

Describe the general composition of blood

A

Plasma (matrix)
- fluid portion with solutes

Formed elements
- cellular portion

75
Q

Describe the composition of plasma

A

Plasma is the matrix
= blood minus formed elements

Composed of H2O - 90%

proteins - 8%
- albumins
- fibrinogen
- globulins
- control tissue water valance
- clot foration
- antibodies

Other solutes
- nutrients
- hormones
- wastes
- electrolytes (ions)
- gases

76
Q

Describe the morphological features and general functions of the formed elements

A

Formed elements contain RBC, WBC and Platelets

1) RBC erythrocytes
- hematocrit = % of blood volumne thats RBC (approx. 45%)
- biconcave disc shape
- anucleate when mature (indentation where the nucleus was)
- life span approx. 120 days
- destroyed in the liver and spleen

CONTAIN: hemoglobin - pigment protein

**2) WBC (leukocytes) **
- nucleated
- life span varies - days to years
- defend against disease
- 2 types:
- granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) and agranulocytes/agranular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)

**3) Platelets **
- fragments of red bone marrow cells called, **megakaryocytes **
- involved in clotting (attract and stick together)
- life span is 2-10 days (constantly producing)

77
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

A part of platelets which are fragments of red bone marrow cells

78
Q

Define Hematocrit

A

= % of blood volumne that is RBC (45%)

79
Q

Describe the structure and function of hemoglobin and its breakdown products

A

RBC CONTAIN: hemoglobin - pigment protein
1) heme = red pigment - contains iron (Fe)
- attaches and transports O2
2) globin - protein
- attaches and transports CO2

Hemoglobin is broken down to heme and globin
- heme is further broken down to bilirubin
- Fe^2 is recycled or stored (toxic, so always bound to a protein)
- globin to amino acids

80
Q

List the 5 leukocytes in order fo their relative prevalence and describe their major functions

A

Granulocytes (granular leukocytes)
1. Neutrophils (≈60%): phagocytic (engulf and digest bacteria)
2. Eosinophils (≈3%): attack parasites (e.g worms)
3. Basophils (≈1%) release histamine (increase inflammation) and heparin (decrease local clotting)

Agranulocytes (Agranular leukocytes)
4. Lymphocytes (T and B lymphocytes) (≈35%): immunity
- 1) T lymphocytes - kill infected/disease cells directly
- 2) B lymphocytes - become plasma cells -> produce antioties
5. Monocytes (≈5%): enter tissue and enlarge to become macrophases (phagocytes -“big eaters”)

81
Q

Describe hemopoeisis and where it takes place

A

Formation of blood cells
- ALL BLOOD CELLS arise indirectly from hemocytoblast (stem cells) in red bone marrow

Red bone marrow in an adult is located in
- axial skeleton
- pelvic and pectoral girdles
- proximal ends of humerus and femur

whereas in a child they have ALL red bone marrow

82
Q

Where is red bone marrow located in an adult and child

A

Axial skeleton
pelvic and pectoral girdles
proximal ends of humerus and femur

a child has all red bone marrow

Anatomy Midterm 2 (20%) NOV 14 (6 - 7 pm) (7 decks)

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