Topic 9 - Hormones and Fertility Flashcards
1
Q
what are hormones
A
chemical messengers which travel in the blood to activate cells in target organs
2
Q
where are hormones produced
A
endocrine glands which are part of the endocrine system
3
Q
pituitary gland
A
produces many hormones that regulate body conditions. sometimes these hormones act on other glands
4
Q
thyroid gland
A
produces thyroxine which regulates body temp, metabolism, etc
5
Q
pancreas
A
produces insulin which regulates blood glucose level
6
Q
adrenal glands
A
produces adrenaline which triggers fight or flight response
7
Q
ovaries
A
produces oestrogen which is involved in female menstrual cycle
8
Q
testes
A
produces testosterone whcih controls sperm production in males
9
Q
3 differences between nerves and hormones
A
- nerves are faster action compared to hormones
- nerves act for a short time, compared to hormones
- nerves act on localised area but hormones act in more general way
10
Q
role of adrenaline
A
- released in response to scary or stressful situations
- this gets your body ready for fight ot flight
11
Q
how does adrenaline acheive this ( P1)
A
- binds to specific receptors in heart
- causes heart muscles to contract more frequently with more force
- increases blood flow to muscles so cells recieve more glucose + o2 for increased respiration
- releases energy for muscle contraction allowing you to fight/flight
12
Q
how does adrenaline acheive this ( P1)
A
- binds to specific receptors in liver
- causes liver to break down glycogen stores to release more glucose
- increases blood glucose level so more in blood to be transported to cells
- increased glucose used to fuel muscle contraction
13
Q
negative feedback
A
- when levels of certain substance go above/below a normal level
- body triggers responses that help bring these levels back to normal
14
Q
role of thyroxine
A
- regulates the basal metabolic rate which is the speed at which chemical reactions in body occur at rest
15
Q
decrease from normal thryoxine level
A
- low levels of thyroxine stimulates production of TRH in hypothalamus
-this causes release of TSH from the pituitary gland - TSH acts on the thyroid to produce thyroxine
16
Q
increase from normal thryoxine level
A
- when thyroxine levels are higher normal thyroxine, release of TRH is and the production of TSH is inhibited
- reduces amnt of thyroxine produced so falls back towards normal
17
Q
homeostasis
A
- regulation of the conditions inside the body to maintain a constant internal environment
- in response to changes in both internal and external conditions
18
Q
why is maintaining homeostasis important
A
- cells and enzymes need right conditions to function properly, to keep you alive
19
Q
which two hormones are produced by pancrease to regulate blood glucose level?
A
- insulin
- glycagon
20
Q
how to decrease blood glucose level when it becomes rises ( after eating carbs or sugary sweets )
A
- rise detected by pancreas : produces insulin which is secreted into blood
- insulin causes body cells to take up more glucose in blood
- cells in liver and muscle take glucose and convert into glycogen, reducing glucose level
21
Q
how to increase blood glucose level when it becomes decrease (
A
- fall detected by pancreas : produces glygacon which is secreted into blood
- glycagon causes glycogen stored in liver and muscles to be converted back into glucose
- causes blood glucose level to rise
22
Q
type 1 diabetes cause
A
- when the pancrease produces little to no insulin which means blood glucose level can rise to fatal level
23
Q
controlling type 1
A
- insulin injections into subcutaneous tissue, several times a day during meals
- makes sure glucose has been removed quickly after digestion
- limiting intake of carbs
- taking regular exercise
24
Q
type 2 diabetes cause
A
- same as type 1 OR they become resistant to own insluin and cells stop responding to it
25
controlling type 2
- healthy diet
- getting regular exercise
- losing weight ( being obese is risk factor )
26
why is thermoregulation important
- body temp needs to be kept at 37
- optimum temp for enzyme activity
- above this temperature and enzymes start to denature
27
where is the thermoregulatory centre located?
- in the hypothalamus
28
what different receptors are there
- receptors in thermoregulatory centre sensitive to body blood temp
- receptors that send info about skin temp via nervous impulses
29
how does hypothalamus co-ordinate responses to temp change
- these receptors detect changes in temp and send nervous impulses to H
- hypothalamus send impulses to effectors which respond
30
how does body respond to high temp to cool it down
- erector muscles in dermis relax
- sweat is produced by sweat glands in dermis
- vasodilation
31
erector muscles in dermis relax
- makes hairs on skin lie flat
- less air trapped near surface of skin so no insulating air surrounding skin
- more heat can be transferred to environment more easily
32
sweat produced by sweat glands
- released into surface through pores of epidermis
- when sweat evaporates it transfers thermal energy to environment
- reducing body temp
33
vasodilation
- blood vessels dilate (widen)
- more blood flows close to surface of skin which helps transfer energy from skin to environment
34
how does body respond to cold temp to warm it up
- erector muscles contract
- very little sweat produced
- vasoconstriction
- shivering
35
shivering
- muscles contract automatically
- increases rate of respiration which transfers more energy to warm the body
36
stage 1 menstrual cycle ( 1- 4 )
- menstruation ( bleeding ) occurs.
- uterus lining breaks down and released
37
stage 2 menstrual cycle ( 4 - 14 )
- lining of uterus is repaired
- into thick spongy layer full of blood vessels
38
stage 3 menstrual cycle ( 14 )
ovulation - egg released from one of ovaries
39
stage 4 menstrual cycle ( 14 - 28 )
- lining maintained for 14 days until day 28. if no fertilized egg lands on uterus by 28,
- lining breaks down again, cycle restarted
40
FSH
- produced in pituitary gland
- causes one of follicles in ovary to mature
- stimulates oestrogen production in ovary
41
Oestrogen
- causes lining of uterus to thicken and grow
- stimulates LH surge
- inhibits production of FSH
42
LH
- produced by pituitary gland
- causes follicle to rupture and egg to be released
- stimulates remains of follicle to develop into corpus luteum
43
Progesterone
- produced by corpus luteum
- maintains lining of uterus lining
- inhibits release of FSH and LH
44
