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Biology > Topic 9 - Hormones and Fertility > Flashcards

Topic 9 - Hormones and Fertility Flashcards

1
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers which travel in the blood to activate cells in target organs

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2
Q

where are hormones produced

A

endocrine glands which are part of the endocrine system

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3
Q

pituitary gland

A

produces many hormones that regulate body conditions. sometimes these hormones act on other glands

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4
Q

thyroid gland

A

produces thyroxine which regulates body temp, metabolism, etc

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5
Q

pancreas

A

produces insulin which regulates blood glucose level

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6
Q

adrenal glands

A

produces adrenaline which triggers fight or flight response

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7
Q

ovaries

A

produces oestrogen which is involved in female menstrual cycle

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8
Q

testes

A

produces testosterone whcih controls sperm production in males

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9
Q

3 differences between nerves and hormones

A
  • nerves are faster action compared to hormones
  • nerves act for a short time, compared to hormones
  • nerves act on localised area but hormones act in more general way
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10
Q

role of adrenaline

A
  • released in response to scary or stressful situations
  • this gets your body ready for fight ot flight
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11
Q

how does adrenaline acheive this ( P1)

A
  • binds to specific receptors in heart
  • causes heart to contract more frequently so heart rate and b.p go up
  • increases blood flow to muscles so cells recieve more glucose + o2 for increased respiration
  • gives you more energy for muscle contraction allowing you to fight/flight
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12
Q

how does adrenaline acheive this ( P1)

A
  • binds to specific receptors in liver
  • causes liver to break down glycogen stores to release more glucose
  • increases blood glucose level so more in blood to be transported to cells
  • increased glucose used to fuel muscle contraction
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13
Q

negative feedback

A
  • when levels of certain substance go above/below a normal level
  • body triggers responses that help bring these levels back to normal
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14
Q

role of thyroxine

A
  • regulates the basal metabolic rate which is the speed at which chemical reactions in body occur at rest
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15
Q

decrease from normal thryoxine level

A
  • low levels of thyroxine stimulates production of TRH in hypothalamus
    -this causes release of TSH from the pituitary gland
  • TSH acts on the thyroid to produce thyroxine
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16
Q

increase from normal thryoxine level

A
  • when thyroxine levels are higher normal thyroxine, release of TRH is and the production of TSH is inhibited
  • reduces amnt of thyroxine produced so falls back towards normal
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17
Q

homeostasis

A
  • regulation of the conditions inside the body to maintain a constant internal environment
  • in response to changes in both internal and external conditions
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18
Q

why is maintaining homeostasis important

A
  • cells and enzymes need right conditions to function properly, to keep you alive
19
Q

which two hormones are produced by pancrease to regulate blood glucose level?

A
  • insulin
  • glycagon
20
Q

how to decrease blood glucose level when it becomes rises ( after eating carbs or sugary sweets )

A
  • rise detected by pancreas : produces insulin which is secreted into blood
  • insulin causes body cells to take up more glucose in blood
  • cells in liver and muscle take glucose and convert into glycogen, reducing glucose level
21
Q

how to increase blood glucose level when it becomes decrease (

A
  • fall detected by pancreas : produces glygacon which is secreted into blood
  • glycagon causes glycogen stored in liver and muscles to be converted back into glucose
  • causes blood glucose level to rise
22
Q

type 1 diabetes cause

A
  • when the pancrease produces little to no insulin which means blood glucose level can rise to fatal level
23
Q

controlling type 1

A
  • insulin injections into subcutaneous tissue, several times a day during meals
  • makes sure glucose has been removed quickly after digestion
  • limiting intake of carbs
  • taking regular exercise
24
Q

type 2 diabetes cause

A
  • same as type 1 OR they become resistant to own insluin and cells stop responding to it
25
Q

controlling type 2

A
  • healthy diet
  • getting regular exercise
  • losing weight ( being obese is risk factor )
26
Q

why is thermoregulation important

A
  • body temp needs to be kept at 37
  • optimum temp for enzyme activity
  • above this temperature and enzymes start to denature
27
Q

where is the thermoregulatory centre located?

A
  • in the hypothalamus
28
Q

what different receptors are there

A
  • receptors in thermoregulatory centre sensitive to body blood temp
  • receptors that send info about skin temp via nervous impulses
29
Q

how does hypothalamus co-ordinate responses to temp change

A
  • these receptors detect changes in temp and send nervous impulses to H
  • hypothalamus send impulses to effectors which respond
30
Q

how does body respond to high temp to cool it down

A
  • erector muscles in dermis relax
  • sweat is produced by sweat glands in dermis
  • vasodilation
31
Q

erector muscles in dermis relax

A
  • makes hairs on skin lie flat
  • less air trapped near surface of skin so no insulating air surrounding skin
  • more heat can be transferred to environment more easily
32
Q

sweat produced by sweat glands

A
  • released into surface through pores of epidermis
  • when sweat evaporates it transfers thermal energy to environment
  • reducing body temp
33
Q

vasodilation

A
  • blood vessels dilate (widen)
  • more blood flows close to surface of skin which helps transfer energy from skin to environment
34
Q

how does body respond to cold temp to warm it up

A
  • erector muscles contract
  • very little sweat produced
  • vasoconstriction
  • shivering
35
Q

shivering

A
  • muscles contract automatically
  • increases rate of respiration which transfers more energy to warm the body
36
Q

stage 1 menstrual cycle ( 1- 4 )

A
  • menstruation ( bleeding ) occurs.
  • uterus lining breaks down and released
37
Q

stage 2 menstrual cycle ( 4 - 14 )

A
  • lining of uterus is repaired
  • into thick spongy layer full of blood vessels
38
Q

stage 3 menstrual cycle ( 14 )

A

ovulation - egg released from one of ovaries

39
Q

stage 4 menstrual cycle ( 14 - 28 )

A
  • lining maintained for 14 days until day 28. if no fertilized egg lands on uterus by 28,
  • lining breaks down again, cycle restarted
40
Q

FSH

A
  • produced in pituitary gland
  • causes one of follicles in ovary to mature
  • stimulates oestrogen production in ovary
41
Q

Oestrogen

A
  • causes lining of uterus to thicken and grow
  • stimulates LH surge
  • inhibits production of FSH
42
Q

LH

A
  • produced by pituitary gland
  • causes follicle to rupture and egg to be released
  • stimulates remains of follicle to develop into corpus luteum
43
Q

Progesterone

A
  • produced by corpus luteum
  • maintains lining of uterus lining
  • inhibits release of FSH and LH
44
Q
A

Biology (10 decks)

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