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Biology > Topic 8 - Brain, Eye, Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Brain, Eye, Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the brain’s function?

A
  • part of the CNS
  • in charge of all of our complex behaviours
  • controls and co-ordinates everything you do
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2
Q

cerebrum

A
  • largest part of brain
  • divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres
  • right controls muscles on left side
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3
Q

3 things the cerebrum is responsible for ( LIV )

A
  • language
  • intelligence
  • vision
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4
Q

cerebellum

A
  • found at back of brain
  • controls muscle coordination and balance
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5
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • found at the base of brain
  • controls unconscious activities such as breathing and heart rate
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6
Q

CT scanners

A
  • uses X rays to produce physical image of the brain
  • it shows main structures of brain and damaged area but not functions
  • can deduce function
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7
Q

PT scanners

A
  • patient ingests radioactive chemical called tracer
  • collected in different areas of brain
  • more active parts of the brain take up more of the tracer and can be detected more vividly
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8
Q

why is it difficult to treat problems in the CNS?

A
  • hard to repair damage to neurones in CNS as they don’t readily repair
  • the brain is complicated & delicate and surrounded by skull bones
  • so it is hard to surgically remove some tumours
  • treatment may cause further problems
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9
Q

3 ways of treating cancer

A
  • radiotherapy
  • surgery
    -chemotherapy
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10
Q

cornea

A
  • transparent outer layer at front of eye
  • refracts light into eye
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11
Q

iris

A
  • coloured part of the eye
  • contains muscles that allow it control how much light enters the eye
  • by controlling size of pupil
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12
Q

pupil

A
  • hole in the centre of iris through which light enters
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13
Q

lens

A

refracts light into our eye, focusing it on the retina

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14
Q

retina

A
  • layer at back of eye that contains 2 types of receptor cells
  • rods : light intensity , cones : colour
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15
Q

ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments

A
  • contracts and relaxes to control shape of lens
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16
Q

optic nerve

A
  • info from light converted into electrical impulses by rod and cone
  • optic nerve carries impulses from recpetors to brain
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17
Q

how is size of pupil affected by light intensity?

A
  • in bright light the size of pupil is decreases : it constricts
  • in dim light the size of pupil increases : it dilates
  • this is controlled by an automatic reflex arc
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18
Q

how does this happen?

A
  • change in light intensity detected by rod in retina
  • brain sends electrical impulses to muscles in iris to contract or relax
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19
Q

pair of antagonistic muscles in iris

A
  • radial muscles
  • circular muscles
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20
Q

which muscles contract in dim or bright light

A
  • in dim light, the radial muscles contract
  • in bright light, the circular muscles contract
21
Q

what is needed to see clear images

A
  • light rays must be focused on retina at back of the eyes
  • lens changes shape to allow us to see both near + far objects sharply
22
Q

looking at near objects

A
  • ciliary muscles contracts
  • which makes the suspensory ligaments loosen
  • lens becomes rounder + thicker
  • increases amount by which it refracts light
23
Q

looking at far objects

A
  • ciliary muscles relax
  • which makes the suspensory ligaments pull tight
  • lens becomes less round and thinner
  • decreases amount by which it refracts light
24
Q

cause of long-sightedness
( HYPEROPIA )

A
  • unable to focus on near objects
  • lens is the wrong shape, not round enough so can’t refract light strongly enough
  • lens lost flexibility due to old age
  • eyeball is too short
25
Q

what happens in long-sightedness

A
  • the images of near objects are brought in focus behind the retina
    -this means the object is out of focus
26
Q

cause of short-sightedness
( MYOPIA )

A
  • unable to focus on distant objects
  • lens is in wrong shape, too round so it refracts light too much
  • eyeball is too long
27
Q

what happens in short-sightedness

A
  • the images of far objects are brought in focus in front of the retina
  • this means the object is out of focus
28
Q

how to treat long-sightedness

A
  • glasses or contact lens
  • with CONVEX lens
  • refracts light towards retina
29
Q

how to treat short-sightedness

A
  • glasses or contact lens
  • with CONCAVE lens
  • refracts light away from retina
30
Q

colour blindness

A
  • can’t distinguish difference between different colours ( usually red or green )
  • it is when cones in the retina don’t work properly
31
Q

colour blindness cure

A
  • no cure
  • cones in retina can’t be replaced right now
32
Q

cataracts

A
  • cloudy patch on lens
  • which stops light entering lens normally
  • colours look less vivd and difficulties seeing in bright light
33
Q

cataracts cure

A
  • surgical treatment
  • replacing faulty lens with artificial one
34
Q

what are proteins?

A
  • made up of chains of molecules called amino acids
  • each with different order of amino acids
35
Q

why are proteins different shapes?

A
  • amino acid chains fold up to form a different, specific shape
  • each protein has a different function
36
Q

what is a gene?

A
  • a section of DNA that codes for a particular protein
37
Q

what is an amino acid?

A
  • it is coded for by a sequence of 3 bases in gene , called base triplet
  • they are synthesised to form proteins in different orders
38
Q

non-coding parts of DNA

A
  • they don’t code for any amino acids
  • some control whether a gene is expressed or not
  • all of an organisms’s DNA makes up its’ genome
39
Q

mutation

A
  • rare, random change to an organism’s DNA base sequence that can be inherited
  • ## produces a genetic variant that could code for a different sequence of amino acids
40
Q

effects of mutations

A
  • may change final shape of protein and so its’ activity will change
  • this could change phenotype of organism
41
Q

2 stages of protein synthesis

A

1) transcription
2) translation

42
Q

why is transcription required in protein synthesis?

A
  • DNA which contains the bases is stored in nucleus
  • it can’t move out of nucleus due to it’s size
  • needs to get information in DNA to ribosome in cytoplasm
43
Q

3 differences between mRNA and DNA

A
  • shorter
  • only single strand
  • uses U instead of T as a base
44
Q

how does transcription work (P1)

A
  • RNA polymerase binds to non-coding DNA located in front of gene
  • two DNA strands unzip and RNA polymerase moves along 1 of the strands
45
Q

how does transcription work (P2)

A
  • uses the coding DNA in gene as a template strand to make RNA nucleotides
  • the mRNA strand is complementary to coding DNA
  • mRNA molecule moves out of nucleus and attaches to ribosome
46
Q

how does translation work ( P1 )

A
  • amino acids are brought to ribosome by tRNA
  • tRNA has anticodon which is complementary to codon for amino acid
  • this ensures amino acids are brought to ribosome in right order
47
Q

how does translation work ( P2 )

A
  • the amino acids are synthesised by ribosomes making a polypeptide
  • once they have deposited their protein the empty tRNA molecules move
48
Q
A

Biology (9 decks)

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