Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Topic 5 - Health and Disease > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Health and Disease Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

WHO definition of health

A

the state of complete physical, metal and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

communicable disease

A

diseases that can spread between individuals and caused by pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

non - communicable disease

A

diseases that can’t spread between individuals, generally last for a long time and get worse gradually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

susceptibility to other diseases

A

-if you are already infected with a disease you are more susceptible to others
- your body may become weakened by disease so less able to fight off others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 4 main types of pathogens ( Big Vans Poor Fun)

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • protists
  • fungi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how can pathogens be spread?

A
  • by drinking or bathing in contaminated water
  • inhaling droplets sneezed/coughed out by infected people
  • through infected bodily fluids
  • through animal vectors which are organisms that carry the disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are 3 bacterial diseases ( True Children Shout )

A
  • tuberculosis
  • cholera
  • stomach ulcers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

tuberculosis - how is it spread?

A
  • caused by a bacteria and spread through infected droplets cough and sneeze
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

tuberculosis - symptoms and how to treat it / reduce the spread?

A
  • symptoms include coughing and lung damage
  • infected individuals should avoid public spaces and wear face masks, sanitise themselves appropriately
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cholera - how is it spread?

A
  • cause by bacteria and spread through drinking contaminated water sources
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cholera - symptoms and how to treat it / reduce the spread?

A
  • symptoms include diarrhoea and severe dehydration
  • chemically disinfect water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

stomach ulcers - how is it spread?

A
  • caused by bacteria and spread through oral transmission ( eating or drinking infected food/water )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

stomach ulcers - symptoms and how to treat it / reduce the spread?

A
  • symptoms include stomach pain, nausea and vomiting
  • having clean water supplies and disinfecting food preparation areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ebola - how is it spread?

A
  • caused by a virus and spread through coming into contact with bodily fluids of individual
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ebola - symptoms and how to treat it / reduce the spread?

A
  • symptoms include a haemorrhagic fever
  • medical staff should regularly wash their hands and wear protective clothing. isolate infected individuals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

chalara ash dieback - how is it spread?

A

caused by a fungus and spread through the air by wind or when you move infected ash tress to other areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

chalara ash dieback - symptoms and how to treat it / reduce the spread?

A
  • symptoms include loss of leaves and deep lesions
  • removing young, infected ash trees and replacing them
  • restrictions on import and export of ash trees
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

malaria - how is it spread?

A
  • caused by a protist and spread through an animal vector ( mosquitoes by feeding on animals )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

malaria - symptoms and how to treat it / reduce the spread?

A
  • symptoms include high fever
  • spraying exposed skin with repellent
  • sleeping under mosquito net
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

HIV - how is it spread

A
  • caused by a bacteria and spread by exchanging bodily fluids such as blood and semen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

HIV - symptoms and how to treat it / reduce the spread?

A
  • over time it will destroy enough WBC to cause AIDS which makes you very vulnerable to most diseases
  • wear a condom and don’t share needles when taking drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a virus?

A

a protein coat around a strand of genetic material
-they are parasites and only bind and insert their DNA into specific species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

lytic pathway ( VIRULENT )

A
  • virus binds onto specific host cell receptors + injects its genetic material into it
  • virus uses proteins and enzymes of cell to replicate g.m and make viral components
  • they assemble to form new viruses
  • host cell lyses releasing virus and these infect more cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

lysogenic pathway ( GENOME )

A
  • same step 1
  • genetic material incorporated into genome of host cell
  • viral genetic material gets replicated along with host DNA every division. atp the virus is dormant
  • eventually, an environmental trigger causes the viral genetic material to leave genome and enter lytic pathway
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what happens when our bodies get a cut?

A
  • blood rapidly clots to seal blood vessels
  • blood is reduced and entry of pathogens into bloodstream closed. chance of infection restricted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are barriers?

A

physical and chemical barriers prevent the entry of pathogens into the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

physical barriers

A
  • continous waterproof skin covers the body
  • hairs and mucus in nose trap pathigens
  • trachea and bronchi have cells that have cillia, which are hair like structures that waft mucus up the throat where it is swallowed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

chemical barriers

A
  • stomach produces hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens that make it that far
  • produces lysozymes. these are enzymes that can kill bactreia and are found in tears where the kill pathogen near the eye
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is our immune system?

A
  • our body’s second line of defence if pathognes overcome our physical and chemical barriers
  • it mainly consists of WBC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

phagocytes

A

these are WBC that engulf foreign cells and digest them, it’s a non-specific response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

why do B-Lymphocytes only recognise 1 specific pathogen

A
  • it is because they have the corect complimentary receptors to only 1 type of antigen which is unique to a pathogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what role do B-Lymphocytes play?

A
  • when b lymphocytes bind to the receptor of a pathogen it stimulates correct antibody production
  • these antibodys bind onto antigen and label the pathogen for destruction
33
Q

why is the body slow to fight against a new pathogen. why do we feel ill ?

A
  • there aren’t many B-lymphocytes that make the correct antibodies that bind onto the new antigen
  • the pathogen has time to multiply, infect our d=tissue and cause illness
34
Q

what are memory lymphocytes

A
  • they remain in the body for a long time and can ‘remember’ a foreign antigen
  • made along with B-lymphocytes during primary immune system
35
Q

why is the secondary immune response so effective ?

A
  • if the same pathogen enters the body again the memory lymphocytes will immediately recognise the foreign antigen
  • vast amounts of correct antiboies will immediately be produced
  • which kills pathogens before its number increases sufficiently to cause disease
36
Q

3 differences between primary and secondary response

A
  • secondary response produces MORE antibodies
  • secondary response produces antiboies FASTER
  • delay betwen infection and producing antibodies is REDUCED
37
Q

herd immunity

A
  • even if some people aren’t immunised
  • if a certain proportion of population are, theere are less people that can pass it on
  • so the people that aren’t immunised are very unlikely to catch it
38
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A
  • antibodies made from lots of clones of the same B-lymphocyte
39
Q

how to make monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • a particular antigen is injected into a mouse
  • mouse produces B-lymphocytes that make antibodies against it
  • then, you fuse the B-lymphocytes with myeloma cells grown in the lab to make a hybridoma
  • myeloma cells divide really quickly so these hybridomas dividie really quick to produce lots of monoclonal antibodies
40
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies used for

A
  • pregnancy tests
  • diagnosing and treating cancer
  • finding blood clots
41
Q

what does a pregnancy test stick look like

A
  • the part that you urinate on : contains antibodies to the antigen on HCG hormones attached to blue beads
  • the test strip : contains same antibodies that are stuck on
42
Q

what happens if you are pregnant?

A
  • the HCG hormone binds to antibodies on the blue beads
  • urine moves up the stick carrying the hormone attached to the blue beads
  • they bind to antibodies on test strip. blue beads get stuck on the strip turning it blue
43
Q

what happens if you aren’t pregnant?

A

urine still moves up the stick but there’s nothing to stick the blue beads onto the test strip so it doesn’t turn blue

44
Q

control window

A
  • shows that the test is working properly
  • contains antibodies to the antibodies attached to blue beads
    -control window should go blue both when a test is positive and negative
45
Q

diagnosing/treating cancer

A
  • monoclonal antibodies labelled with radioactive element or anti - cancer drug
  • given to the patient, carried around the body
  • when antibodies come into contact with cancer cells they bind to tumour antigens
  • camera that can detect radioactivity used to take a photo to see where the cancer is
46
Q

how do scientists discover drugs?

A
  • computer design of molecules and screening of thousands of chemicals
  • possible drugs synthesised in laboratory
47
Q

preclinical testing - cells and tissues

A
  • this is known as in vitro screening
  • drugs tested on cell and tissue cultures
  • can’t use this for drugs that affect multiple body systems
48
Q

preclinical testing - live animals ( what 3 things are tested )

A
  • finds out more about how it works in a whole living organisms
  • efficacy (if it works in intended manner)
  • toxicity
  • best dosage
49
Q

clinical testing stages :

A
  • tested on healthy people
  • small number of people suffering from the target disease, the dosage and number of people increase
50
Q

what are placebos?

A

a substance that looks like the drug being tested but doesn’t actually do anything

51
Q

why are placebos used?

A

so doctors can see the actual difference the drug makes - it allows for the placebo effect ( when the patient feels better even though they are taking a placebo )

52
Q

blind trials

A

patient doesn’t know if they’re getting placebo or not

53
Q

double-blind trials. why is it better?

A
  • both doctor and patient don’t know who has the placebo or not
  • this is so the doctors analysing the results aren’t subconsciously influenced by their knowledge
54
Q

what are antibiotics?

A

antibodies inhibit processes in bacterial cells such as cell wall production without affecting the eukaryotic cells

55
Q

why don’t antibiotics work on viruses?

A
  • viruses are not cells so don’t contain any of the machinery needed for growth and reproduction
  • viruses only reproduce inside host cell but antibiotics don’t target host cell so virus can survive
56
Q

what are risk factors ?

A
  • factors that are linked to an increase in the likelihood that a person will develop a certain disease
  • the more risk factors you have for a disease, more likely you are to get it
57
Q

lifestyle related risk factors for disease:

A
  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • diet
  • low levels of exercise
58
Q

what is smoking a risk factor for and why?

A
  • for cardiovascular disease ( heart attacks and strokes)
  • nicotine in cigarette heart rate which increase B.P
  • high B.P damages artery walls contributing to build up of fatty deposits
  • this restrict blood flow and oxygen so increases chance of heart attack or stroke
59
Q

why is smoking a risk factor for cancer as well?

A
  • contains chemicals called carcinogens
  • cause mutation in genes that control cell division which leads to cancer
60
Q

what is drinking alcohol a risk factor of ?

A
  • it is a risk factor for liver cirrhosis and liver cancer
  • ethanol in alcohol broken down by enzymes in liver and toxic products produced damages liver cells
  • detrimental as liver is important
61
Q

lack of exercise

A

exercise helps maintain normal, healthy weight
- those who don’t get enough exercise are more likely to become overweight or obese
- also more likely to develop high BP and C.D

62
Q

BMI

A

mass / (height) ²

63
Q

how are you more likely to be obese and have a high BMI?

A

if you eat a high fat, high sugar diet and don’t do enough exercise, you are likely to take in more energy than you use.

64
Q

why isn’t BMI always reliable?

A

athletes have lots of muscle which has a higher mass than fat
-an athlete could weigh a lot but not be at risk of CVD

65
Q

waist to hip ratio

A

measures abdominal obesity which is closely linked to CVD

66
Q

how is CVD caused?

A
  • diseases of the heart/blood vessels are caused by the narrowing of coronary arteries
  • it causes cells in the heart or brain to die due to lack of O2
67
Q

how do coronary arteries narrow?

A
  • when fatty deposits build up in the arteries, which occur in areas where the artery wall has been damaged
68
Q

what are some lifestyle changes to reduce to risk/ treat CVD?

A
  • healthy, balanced diet ( less salt and saturated fat )
  • exercise regularly
  • stop smoking
69
Q

what are statins?

A

they lower the LDL cholesterol production by liver, less amount present in bloodstream
- effective at slowing down the formation of fatty deposits

70
Q

cons of statins?

A

long term medication that MUST be taken regularly
effect of statins isn’t instant
side effects such as headaches

71
Q

what are antihypertensives?

A
  • reduce blood pressure
  • effective at preventing damage to blood vessels and reduces risk of atherosclerosis
72
Q

cons of antihypertensives

A
  • side effects such as headaches and dizziness
73
Q

what are anticoagulants?

A
  • drugs that make blood clots less likely to form
  • effective at reducing risk of blood clots which causes heart attacks and strokes
74
Q

cons of anticoagulants?

A
  • blood clotting is needed to prevent excessive bleeding
  • increase risk of internal bleeding
75
Q

what are stents?

A
  • wire mesh tubes inserted inside arteries to widen them and keep them open
  • it pushes fatty deposits back, making sure blood can pass through to heart muscles
76
Q

advantages and disadvantages of stents

A
  • effective for long time
  • recovery time from surgery quick
  • risk of infection from surgery
  • risk of patient developing blood clot near stent
77
Q

what is coronary bypass surgery?

A

a piece of healthy vessel is taken from elsewhere in the body and used to bypass a blocked section of the coronary arteries

78
Q

advantages and disadvantages of

A

Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions